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ENCYCLOPAEDIA LONDINENSIS;
Mi
OR,
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VOLUME XII.
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Non audiendi sunt homines imperiti, qui humano ingenio mujorem , vel inutilem, et rebus gerendis adverjhm rroKvpxQ tie?- c riminantur. EJl scilicet quadani Scientiarum cognatio et conciliatio ; unde et Byxvx^orrut^eiciy vocant Graci ; ut in und perft&us dici neqvent , qui caterus nun, uCUgerU. — Morhofi Polyhiftor, 1. i. c. i. s. i.
Thofe inexperienced perfons, who make it a charge of accufation againlt variety and extenfive learning, that it exceeds the compafs of human ability, or is ufelefs, or that it is an impediment to tranfa6ting bufinefs, deferve no attention. For there is between the Sciences a degree of natural and clofe connexion; from which the Greeks ufe the term “ Encyclopedia;” fo that no one can be perfect in any one Science, who has not attained to fome knowledge of the
DESCRIPTION OF THE FRONTISPIECE, ILLUSTRATING
LAW.
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LAW, DICTATED BY WISDOM, (UNDER THE FORM OF MINERVA, WITH HER ATTRI* BUTESj) CONFIRMED BY EXPERIENCE, (EXEMPLIFIED BY AN OLD MAN HOLDING A ROLL, HIS HEAD COVERED WITH A VEIL,) PROMULGATED BY AUTHORITY, (IN A COM¬ MANDING ATTITUDE, AND HOLDING THE MACE OF POWER,) RECEIVED BY OBEDI-
+
ENCE (KNEELING) AND RESPECT, (STANDING AT A DISTANCE,) AND SANCTIONED AT THE ALTAR OF THE COUNTRY BY THE UNION OF JUSTICE (WITH HER WELL-KNOWN SYMBOLS) AND MERCY, (PRESENTING THE OLIVE OF PEACE AND THE POPPY OF OBLIVION, AND TREADING UPON THE INSTRUMENTS OF PUNISHMENT,)
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ENCYCLOPAEDIA LONDINENSIS;
OR, A N
UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY
OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, and LITERATURE.
L.
I A liquid confonant, the eleventh letter of the al- ^jt) phabet, which preferves always the fame found in Englifli. It is founded by intercepting the breath between the tip of the tongue and fore part of the palate, with the mouth open ; and makes a fweet found, with fomething of an afpiration; and therefore the Britons and Spaniards ufually doubled it, or added an h to it, in the beginning of words, as in llan, or Ilian , (Welch,) a temple, found¬ ing nearly like JL, &c. In the Saxon alfo it was alpirated ; as, hlap, loaf ; hlacpbig, lady.
At the end of a monofyllable it is doubled ; as, all, well, Jhall, Jlill, kill, full ; fome of which monofyllables, as kill, full. See. were originally written kille,fulle ; and when the ffirlt became filent, and was afterwards omitted, the// was retained, to give force, according to the analogy of our language, to the foregoing vowel. After a diphthong, / is written fingle ; as , fail, feel, veal, cool-, and in words of more than one fylTable ; as, channel, canal, tendril. L is placed after moft of the confonants in the beginning of words and fyllables ; as, black, glare, eagle, &cc. but before none. It is fometimes placed before e, and founded fee¬ bly, fo that it may be doubtful whether it Hands before or after it; as, table, fiuttle, bible, battle, or battel-, like the letter r, in ufing which, from the doubtfulnefs of the found, we write indifferently centre or center, feeptre or feepter. See R.
There are feveral people, for inftance, the Chinefe in Afia, the Illinois in America, &c. who cannot pronounce the r, but always change it into /. Thus when any of them have been baptized by the name of Petrus, Francifats, &c. they always pronounce it Petlus, Flancifcus, &c.
The // is a modern contrivance, and was never ufed among ancient Roman authors ; they wrote alium, not al¬ lium-, macelum, not macellum-, polucere, not pollucere. The ll of the Greeks was fometimes changed by the Romans into li -, as, alius ; (pvhXov, folium. L is alfo frequent¬
ly ufed inftead of d, as in Ulyjfts, from the Greek O^W<ru?,
In that Aiolic dialeft I'^va-an;. Thus alfo for dautia, we fay lautia ; for dacrumre, lacrymce, See.
The figure of our L we borrowed from the Latins, they from the Greeks, and they again from the Hebrews, whole lamed is much like our L, excepting that the angle is fome- what more acute. L was alfo a numeral letter among the ancients, and is ftill fo in the Roman ciphering, fignify- ing fifty. When a dafh was added at the top, it flood for fifty thoufand. L was ufed for fifty, being half a C, which dignified a hundred, and was formerly written thus E, which, according to Pafquiie, makes two LL, the one up¬ right, the other inverted.
The French Louis-d’ors have a crofs on them, confid¬ ing of eight L’s interwoven. The letter L is marked on the money coined at Bayonne. L, as an abbreviature, Hands for Lucius ; and LLS, for a fefterce. In Englilh it denotes a pound fterling,
VOL. XII. No. 06,
LA,/ A note in mufic ; the fixt’n found in Guido’s feale.
LA' A, a town of Auftria : four miles fouth of Vienna.
LA'AB, or La'va, a town of Auftria, on the river Taya. In the year 1278, a battle was fought here between the emperor Rodolphus, and Ottocar king of Bohemia, in which the latter was flain ; and, in the year 1645, it was taken by the Swedes : twelve miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Znaym, and twenty-fix north of Vienna. Lat. 48. 39, N. Ion. 16. 16. E.
LAA'DAH, [Hebrew. 3 A man’s name.
LAA'DAM, [Hebrew.] A man’s name.
LAAD'STEE, a town of Norway: 112 miles north of Bergen.
LAA'GE, a town of Mecklenburg: fourteen miles fouth-eafl of Roftock. Lat. 55. 58. N. Ion. 12. 30. E.
LAA'LAND, or La'land, an ifland of Denmark, fi- tuated at the entrance into the Baltic from the Greater Belt ; about fifty miles in length, and twelve in its mean breadth, and reckoned the moft fertile fpot in the Daniflt dominions. This ifland produces plenty of all forts of grain, particularly very fine wheat and excellent peate. It is alfo famous for a kind of red fruit called manna, which refembles fweet almonds in tafte, and grows on a long flender ftem. Laaland is not without woods, which, however, are more frequent on the eaft than on the weft: of the ifland. The inhabitants make little account of grazing, as they find that the cultivation of corn turns out to greater advantage. But, notwithftanding all thefe conveniencies, as the country lies low, and the foil is damp, the air is very unhealthy. Of all the inhabitants of this ifland the clergy are beft provided for, according to their rank. The nobility are numerous here, and many of them have very fine feats, and confiderable eftates. This ifland, like Falfter, has a particular governor ; but in fpiritual affairs both are under the jurildifition of the bifhop of Funen. Nafkow is the capital. Lat. 54. 40. to 55. N. Ion. 10. 59. to 11. 52. E.
LAALGUN'GE, a town of Hindooftan, in Oude : twenty-five miles eaft of Manickpour.
LAA'NE, a river of France, which runs into the Dyle near Louvain.
LA'AR. See Lar.
LA'AR’s BANK', a flioal in the Eaftern Indian Sea. Lat. 5.45. S. Ion. 1 1 8. 45. E.
LAARAT', an ifland in the Eaftern Indian Sea, about fifty miles in circumference. Lat. 6. 48. S. Ion. 132. 36. E.
LAAR'CHUS, the guardian of Battus of Cyrene. He ufurped the fovereign power for fome time, and endea¬ voured to marry the mother of Battus, the better to efta- blifh his tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly invi¬ tation ; but caufed him to beaflalfinated, and reftored the power to Battus. Polyanas.
LA'AS, f [from laqueus, a lax, Lat. fraud.] A net, gin, or fnare.
B LA'AS,
LAB
L.VAS, or Losch, a town of the duchy of Carniola, •with a citadel : nine miles weft of Gottfchee, and twen¬ ty-three eaft-north-eaft of Triefte. Lat. 45.58. N. Ion. 14. 25. E.
LAAS'PHE, or Laspe, a town of Germany, in the county of Witgenftein : twenty-two miles fouth-weft of Waldeck, and lixty-four eaft of Cologne. Lat. 50. 53. N. Ion. 8. 30. E.
LAB, a town of Germany, in the biffiopric of Wurz- burgli : fix miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Volkach.
LABAAR', a town of Hindooftan, in fubah of Agra : forty miles eaft of Gwalior, and feventy-five fouth-fouth- eaft of Agra.
LA.BACCAN', a northern province of Celebes, which, together with Bougero and Sageree, are the plains lying between Tello and Tanete, the proper granaries of Celebes.
LABAD'DE, a town and diftrkft of Africa, on the Gold Coaft.
LABADI'E (John), a famous French enthufiaft, fon of John- Charles Labadie, governor of Bourges and gen¬ tleman in ordinary of the bedchamber to the French king, was born in 1610. He entered young into the Jefuits’ college at Bourdeaux; which, by his own account, he afterwards quitted ; but by other accounts was expelled for his peculiar" notions, and for hypocrify. He became a popular preacher; but, being repeatedly detected in working upon female devotees with fpiritual inftruc- tions for carnal purpofes, his lofs of character among the catholics drove him among the protefrants. A reformed Jefuit being thought a great acqnilition, he was precipi¬ tately accepted as a pallor at Montauban, where he offi¬ ciated for eight years; but, attempting the chaftity of a young lady whom he could not convert to his purpofe, and quarrelling with the catholic prieft about the right of interring a dead body, he was at length banifhed that place. The ftory of his affair with the lady, as related by Mr. Bayle, may here be given asafpecimen of his mi- niftry. Having directed this damfel to the fpiritual life, which he made to confift in internal recolle&ion and men¬ tal prayer, he gave her out a certain point of meditation ; and, having ftrongly recommended it to her to apply her- felf entirely for fome hours to fuch an important objeX, he went up to her when he believed her to be at the height of her abftrafHon, and-put his hand into her bofom. She gave him a hafty repulfe, expreffed a great deal of furprife at the proceeding, and was even preparing to rebuke him, when he, without being in the leaft difconcerted, and with a devout air, prevented her thus : “ I fee plainly, my child, that you are at a great diftance from perfection ; ac¬ knowledge yourweaknefs w'ith an humble fpirit ; a(k for- giver.efs of God for your having given fo little attention ito the myfteries upon which you ought to have meditated. Had you bellowed all necelfary attention upon tliefe things, you would not have been feniible of what was doing about your breaft ; but you are fo much attached to fenfe, fo lit¬ tle concentered with the Godhead, that you were not a anoment in difcovering that I had touched you. I want¬ ed to try whether your fervency in prayer had raifed you above the material world, and united you with the Sove¬ reign Being, and living fource of immortality and of a fpiritual ftate ; and I fee, to my great grief, that you have made very fmall progrefs, and that you only creep on the ground. May this, my child, make you alhamed, and for the futuremove you to perform the duties of mental prayer better than you have hitherto done.” The young lady, who had as much good fenfe as virtue, was no lets pro¬ voked at tliefe words than at the bold afrions of her ghoft- ly inftruijtor; and could never afterwards bear the name of fuch a holy father. Labadie, being driven out of Mon¬ tauban, went to feek an afylum at Orange; but, not find¬ ing himlelf fo fafe there as he imagined, he withdrew pri¬ vately to Geneva, where he impofed on the people by his devout prbaching and carriage ; and from thence was in¬ vited to Middleburg, where his fpirituality made him and his followers be confidered as lo many faints* diftinguifhed
LAB
by the name of Labadijls. They increafed fo much, that he excited the attention of the other churches, whole authority he difputed, till he was formally depofed by the fynod of Dort. Inftead of obeying, he procured a tu¬ multuous fupport from a crowd of his devotees ; and at length formed a little fettlement between Utrecht and Am- fterdam, where he ereCted a printing-prefs, which fent forth many of liis works. Here he was betrayed by fome deferters, who expofed his private life, and informed the public of his familiarities with his female difciples, under pretence of uniting them more particularly to God ; and was finally obliged to retire to Altena in Holftein, where he died in 1674. He w'as the author of a variety of pub¬ lications, befides his treatifes on mental prayer, and felf- abftraclion, with fuch quaint titles as, “The Herald of King Jefus;” “True Exorcifm, or the only Means of driving the Devil from the Chriftian World “The holy Decades;” “The Empire of the Holy Ghoft, &c.” which are not deferving of being particularifed.
After his death, his followers removed their wandering community to Wiewert, in the diltriCt of North-Holland, where it found a peaceful retreat, and foon fell into obli¬ vion ; fo that few, if any, traces of it are now to be found. Some of the opinions of the Labadifts were: 1. That God might, and did on certain occafions, deceive men. 2. That the holy fcriptures were not fufficient to lead men to falvation, without certain illuminations and revelations from the Holy Ghoft; that, in reading the fcriptures, we ought to give lefs attention to the literal meaning of the words than to the inward fuggeftions of the fpirit ; and that the efficacy of the word depended upon him that preached it. 3. That the faithful ought to have all things in common. 4. That there is no fubordination or diftinc- tion of rank in the true church of Chrift. 5. That Chriffc was to reign a thoufand years upon earth, 6. That the, contemplative life is a ftate of grace and union with God, and the very height of perfection ; that the Chriftian, whofe mind is contented and calm, fees all things in God, enjoys the Deity, and is perfectly indifferent about every¬ thing that paffes in the world ; and that the Chriftian ar¬ rives at that happy ftate by the exercife of a perfeCt felf- denial, by mortifying the flefli and all fenfual affeCtions3, and by mental prayer.
LA'BAN, [Heb. white.] Son of Bethuel, and grand- foil of Nahor, brother to Rebekah, and father to Rachel and Leah. When Jacob came into Mefopotamia, A. M. 2245, ante A.D. 1759, he was well received by his un¬ cle Laban. Gen. xxviii. See. A month after his arrival, Laban faid to him, Becaufe thou art my brother [my brother’s fon JhouldeJl thou therefore ferve me for nought P Gen. xxix. 15. Jacob propoled to ferve him feven years for his youngeft daughter Rachel ; and Laban contented. Many are of opinion that Jacob ferved him feven years before he married Rachel ; and they are certainly borne out by the words of the text ; but others affert the contrary. Jacob faid to Laban, Give me my wife, for my days are fulfill¬ ed ; ver. ai. Laban, therefore, made a wedding-feaft, but conveyed Leah into Jacob’s chamber, fo that Jacob per¬ ceived nothing of the fraud. Next morning he complained 5 but Laban replied, that it was unlawful to marry the younger daughter before the elder; but, if he would ferve him (even years more, he would give him Rachek; to this Jacob confented.
It does not appear that, in this marriage of two Afters, there was at that time, and in. that country, what would be efteemed fuch a notorious and flagrant breach of pro¬ priety (if indeed there was any thing remarkable in it) as there would be among us. Our days are days of happier refinement than to tolerate fuch connexions ; but this was long before Moles ; and that fuch c tftoms continued long after the time of Jacob is afeertained by a biftory re¬ corded of Omar, the fecond caliph after Mahomet. While he was on his journey, there came, at one of his ftages, a complaint before him of a man who had married two wives, that were filters both by father and mother; a thing which the old Arabians, fo long as they continued
LAB
$n their idolatry, made no fcruple of, as appears from that paifage in the Alcoran, wheVe it is forbidden for the time to come. Omar was very angry, and called him and his ■wives before him. After the fellow had confefled that they were both his wives, and fo nearly related, Omar alked him whether he was a Muflulman ? Yes, laid the fellow. And do you not know then, faid Omar, that it is unlawful for you to hryve them, when God faid, Neither marry two ffers any more ? Alcoran, iv. 277. The man fwore that he did not know' it was unlawful; neither was it unlawful. Omar fwore he lied, and he would make him part with one of them, or elfe ftrike his head off. The fellow began to grumble, and faid he wifned he had never been of that religion, for he could have done very well without it ; and had never been a whit better for it, fincelie had firft profefied it. Upon which Omar faid, “O thou enemy to God, and of thyfelf, dolt thy revile Iflam; which is the religion that God, and his angels, and apof- tles, and the belt of the creation, have chofen ?” And threatened him feverely if he did not make a quick dif- patch, and take which of them he loved belt. The man was fo fond of them both, that he could not tell which he had rather part with; upon which, fome of Omar’s atten¬ dants call lots for the two women ; and, the lot falling upon one of them three times, the man took her, and was forced to difmifs the other. Ockley's Hijl. of the Saracens, ■vol. i. p. 219. May not this ftory throw fome light on the preceptof Mofes ; Lev. xviii. 18. “ And thou thalt not take a wife to her lifter, to vex her." Does not this reftridtion look fomewhat like Mahomet’s in the Alcoran, as if fuch practice had been common. Does Mofes forbid it only in the cafe when it would vex the other lifter; but leave it as before, if the firft filler did not remonftrate againft it? or, does he take for granted that the firft wife mult be vexed by the admiftion of her filter ? In the ftory of Omar’s determination, it Ihould feem that both filters were fatif- fied ; for, had one been vexed, doubtlefs that had been the one to have quitted her hulband.
Our next remark will be upon the cuftom, or law, of primogeniture in cafes of marriage. This was alfo con¬ firmed afterwards by the Mofaic law, as is affirmed by the author of the Fragments to Calmet’s Dictionary, (though he does not quote any text to that effedt;) who adds, that by the fame authority it was made criminal for a younger fon to marry while his elder brother remained un¬ married. Fragment exxvi. Be this as it may, either the cuitom was not univerfal, and generally known, or Jacob mult have been acquainted with it; in the former cafe Laban was very culpable for not having explained to Ja¬ cob the law of that country in particular.
To return from this digreffion. When Jacob had fpent fourteen years in the fervice of Laban, he was delirous to return to Canaan. But Laban, wiffiing to continue him in his fervice, faid, Appoint me thy wages, and I will give it. Gen. xxx. 28. Jacob demanded all the young which his flocks Ihould produce that were of a brown colour, fpot- ted and fpeckled, i. e. that feemed leaft defirable for their wool and their fleece. Laban agreed, and committed all that were fpotted and of divers colours to the keeping of his own fons; fearing, in all probability, left Jacob Ihould ufe art to produce cattle of divers colours, by a mixture of fpotted ffieep and goats with thole which were not fo. But Jacob accompliffied an increafe another way, as related in the remaining verfes of that chapter.
At length, after Haying twenty years with Laban, Ja¬ cob, perceiving that Laban did not regard him with the fame kindnefs as formerly, refolvecl to depart without taking leave: ch. xxxi. Laban fet out in purfuit of him, and overtook him at Mount Gilead. God appeared over¬ night to Laban, and forbade him to fay any thing harfli to Jacob; fo that, when he faw Jacob, he only complained of his fudden retreat, of his not giving him the comfort of embracing his daughters and grand-children, and of con¬ ducting them on their journey with cheerful mufic ; but, ©n the lubject of his Healing from him his gods, or tera-
LAB 3
phim, (fee Teraphim,) he made great complaints. Ja¬ cob replied with fome vehemence, and agreed, that who¬ ever had committed this theft Ihould be put to death ; not knowing that Rachel was that perfon. Laban fearched all the tents of Jacob in vain, for Rachel concealed thefe images under her. Jacob in his turn remonftrated with Laban refpedling his conduft towards him ; but at lalt they agreed to make a covenant together, and to fet up a monument of it. They fwore therefore reciprocal friend- fhip and alliance ; Laban called this pile of Hones Jagar Sahadutha, and Jacob Galeed, both fignifying the Heap of Witnefs ;. each according to his language, Laban ufing the Syriac, and Jacob the Hebrew. Having offered facri- fice, they ate and drank together; and the next morning Laban took leave of his daughters and grand-children, and returned to Padam-aram ; after which we hear no more of him. For the fubfequent life of Jacob, fee that article, vol. x. p. 664.
LA BAN, a place beyond Jordan, in Moab. Dent. i. 1.
LA'BANT, adj. [from labor, Lat. to Aide.] Sliding j falling down. Scott.
LABA'PI, a river of Chili, which runs into the Pacific Ocean in lat. 37. 20. S.
LABAR'CES, a town of Spain, in the province of Af- turia : twelve miles weft of Santiliana.
LABARIF'ERI, f. Among the Romans, ftandard- bearers, who carried the labarum.
LAB'ARUM,y. The banner or ftandard borne before the Roman emperors in the wars. The labarum confifted of a long lance, with a fluff at top crofting it at right an¬ gles ; from which hung a rich ftr’eamer, of a purple co¬ lour, adorned with precious ltones. Till the time of Con- ftantine it had an eagle painted on it ; but that emperor, in lieu thereof, added a crofs with a cipher exprefling the name of Jefus. The name labarum was not known before the time of Conftantine ; but the ftandard itfeif, in the form we have deferibed it, abating the fymbols of Chrif- tianity, was ufed by all the preceding emperors. Gibbon deferibes it in the following terms: “The principal ilan- dard which difplayed the triumph of the crofs was ftyled the labarum, an obfeure though celebrated name, which has been vainly derived from almoft all the languages of the world. It is deferibed as a long pike inter¬ fered by a tranfverfal beam. The filken veil, which hung down from the beam, was curioufly enwrought with the images of the reigning monarch and his children. The fummit of the pike fupported a crown of gold, which en- clofed the myfterious monogram, at once expreffive of the figure of the crofs and the initial letters of the name of Chrift. The fafety of the labarum was entrufted to fifty guards, of approved valour and fidelity; their ftation was marked by honours and emoluments; and fome fortjunate accidents foon introduced an opinion, that, as long as the guards of the labarum were engaged in the execution of their office, they were fecure and invulnerable amidft the darts of the enemy. In the fecond civil war, Licinius felt and dreaded the power of this confecrated banner, the fight of which, in the diftrefs of battle, animated the fol- diers of Conftantine with an invincible enthufiafm, and fcattered terror and difmay through the ranks of the ad- verfe legions. The Chriftian emperors, who refpedted the example of Conftantine, difplayed in all their military ex¬ peditions the ftandard of the crofs ; but, when the dege¬ nerate fuccefl’ors of Theodolius had ceafed to appear in perfon at the head of their armies, the labarum was depo- fited as a venerable but ufelels relic in the palace of Con- ftantinople. Its honours are Hill preferved on the medals of the Flavian family. Their grateful devotion has placed the monogram of Chrift in the midft of the enfigns of Rome. The folemn epithets of, fafety of the republic, glory of the army, reftoration_of public happinefs, are equally applied to the religious and military trophies ; and there is Hill extant a medal of the emperor Conftantius, where the ftandard of the labarum is accompanied with thefe memorable words, By thisjign thou Jkalt conquer."
LAB AT-',
4
LAB
LABAT' (Jolin-Baptift), a celebrated traveller, of the order of St. Dominic, was born at Paris, taught philofo- phy at Nancy, and in 1693 went to America in quality of a miffionary. At his return to France in 1705, he was Lent by the chapter of his order at Bologna to give an ac¬ count of his million, and (laid feveral years in Italy. He died at Paris in 1 738. His principal works are, 1. A New Voyage to the American Illands, 6 vols. iamo. 2. Tra¬ vels in Spain and Italy, 8 vols. izmo. 3. A New Ac¬ count of the weftern Parts of Africa, 5 vols. nmo. P’a- ther Labat was never in Africa, and therefore was not a witnefs of what he relates in that work. He alfo publilhed the Chevalier des Marchais’s Voyage to Guinea, in 4 vols. izmo. and An Hiftorical Account of the Weltern Parts of Ethiopia, tranilated from the Italian of Father Cavaz- zi, 5 vols. nmo.
LABA'TA, a town of Spain, in the kingdom of Ara¬ gon : ten miles eaft of Hueica.
LABA'TIA, f. [fo named by Swartz in memory of J. B. Labat.] In botany, a genus of the clafs tetrandria, order monogynia, natural order of guajacanae, JuJf. The generic characters are — Calyx : perianthium four-leaved, permanent; the twooppofite leaflets ereCt; the two fmalier ones ovate, obtufe, concave. Corolla: one-petalled, fub- campanulated ; tube (hotter than the calyx ; border qua- drifid ; divifions upright, obtufe, fmall ; with two oppo- flte fmalier divifions, fituated in the partition of the co¬ rolla. Stamina: filaments four, length of the corolla, up¬ right, awl-ftiaped, contiguous to the piftil ; antherae (harp- pointed, upright. Piftillum : germ roundifli, minute, fu- perior ; ftyle awl-fltaped, length of the ltamens ; ftigma Pimple, obtufe. Pericarpium : capfule large, roundilh, rough, four-celled. Seeds folitary, oblong, comprefled. — EJfential CharaEler. Calyx four-leaved, inferior 5 corolla fub- campanulate, four-cleft, with two minute fegments in the divifions of the corolla; capfule four-celled ; feeds folitary.
Species. 1. Labatia feffiliflora, or feilile-flowered laba- tia : flowers feflile. Native of Hifpaniola.
2. Labatia Guianenfis, or Guiana labatia: flowers pe- duncled. This is a tree forty feet in height and more, and three feet in diameter, with a ruflet-coloured wrinkled bark, and a whitiffi, hard, coinpadt, wood. Branches ftraight, long, fubdivided. Leaves alternate, heaped, en¬ tire, fmooth, firm, ovate-oblong, ending in a blunted point; the largeft eight inches long and three wide. .Flowers axillary or on the branches in pairs or threes, each on its pedicel ; corolla greenifli. It is called Pou- rama pouteri by the Caribs. Native of Guiana, in the fo- refts by the river Sinemari, forty leagues from its mouth; flowering and fruiting in November.
LABATI'E NEU'VE, a town of France, in the depart¬ ment of the Higher Alps, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrict of Gap. The town contains 200 and the can¬ ton 3130 inhabitants, on a territory of 125 kiliometres, in eight communes.
LAB'BE (Philip), author of many learned works, was born at Bourges in 1607. He entered into the fociety of Jefuits at the age of fixteen ; and taught Latin, rhetoric, and philofophy, in the college of his native place. He was then called to the profelforlhip of moral theology, firft at Bourges, and then at Paris, which metropolis was thenceforth his refidence till his death in 1667. He was a man of a prodigious memory, various and extenfive reading, and indefatigable induftry. The lift: of his works would occupy more room than we can afford, and indeed few of them are important enough to deferve recording: they are for the molt part compilations, made with no great judgment or accuracy, yet feveral were ufeful in their time : their fubjects are hiftory, antiquities, chrono- logy, genealogy, geography, grammar, and bibliography: many of them relate to French hiftory, and particularly that of his own order. The greateft of his labours was a “ General Collection of Councils,” which appeared, with notes, in feventeen volumes folio, in 1672. Of thefe, Aiearly fifteen were prepared by father Labbe before his
LAB
death ; the remainder was fupplied by father Copart, of the fame fociety. One of Labbe's grammatical works, entitled Erudita pronuntiationis Catholid Indices , cum Differ- tationibus Profodicis, is (till ufed as a popular book of re¬ ference for the quantity of Latin words. Moreri.
LAB'BOCK BA'Y, a bay on the north-eaft coaft of the illand of Borneo. Lat. 6.2.N. Ion. 1 17. 55- E.
LAB'DA, a daughter of Amphion one of the Bacchi- adse, born lame. She married ECtion, by whom (lie had a fon, whom (lie called Cypfelus, becaufe (lie faved his life in a coffer. See Cypselus, vol. v. p. 546.
LABDA'CIDES, a name given to CEdipus, as defeended from Labdacus.
LAB'DACISM, f. [Greek.] The frequent repetition of the letter /; as, Sol et luna luce lucebant.
LAB'DACUS, a fon of Polydortis by Nydteis, the daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes. His father and mother died during his childhood, and he was left to the care of Nycteus, who at his death left his kingdom in the hands of Lycus, with orders to reftore it to Labdacus as foon as of age. He was father to Laius. It is unknown whether he ever fat on the throne of Thebes.
LAB'DANUM, or Ladanum. See Cistus Creti- cus, vol. iv.
LABDA'RA, a fmall ifland in the gulf of Venice. Lat. 44. 14. N. Ion. 15. 19. E.
LABDAS'SEBA, a tribe of favage Arabs inhabiting the defert of Sahara in Africa. They are confidered as the molt powerful of all thofe tribes except the Ouadelims, and very much refemble them in every particular. See Sahara and Ouadelims.
LABEA'LIS, a lake in Dalmatia, now Scutari, of which the neighbouring inhabitants w’ere called Labeates.
LABEFAC'TION, f [from labefy.} The a£t of weak¬ ening; a decay, a downfal. Scott.
To LAB'EFY, v. a. [ labefacio , Lat.] To weaken; to impair. Didl.
LA'BEL, f. \labdlum, Lat.] A fmall flip or ferip of writing:
When wak’d, I found This label on my bofom ; whofe containing Is fo from fenfe in hardnefs, that I can Make no collections of it. Shakefpeare's Cymbeline.
A ribbon hanging from one fide of a crown or mitre. Any thing appendant to a larger writing.— On the label of lead, the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul are imprefled from the papal feal. Ayliffes Parergon. — In law, a narrow flip of paper or parchment affixed to a deed or writing, in order to hold the appending feal. So alfo any paper, an¬ nexed by way of addition or explication to any will or teftament, is called a label, or codicil. Harris.
God join’d my heart to Romeo’s ; thou our hands ;
And ere this hand, by thee to Romeo’s feal’d.
Shall be the label to another deed,
Or my true heart with treacherous revolt
Turn to another, this (hall flay them both. Shake/ pear e ,
In heraldry, a kind of fillet with pendants, ufually placed at the top of an efcutcheon to diftinguiffi the coat of the fecond brother. In mathematics, a long brafs ruler, with a fmall fight at one end and a centre-hole at the other, for taking altitudes.
LA'BEO (C. Antiftius), an eminent Roman lawyer, fon of a perfon of the fame name, alfo a lawyer, and a con- fpirator againft Julius Caefar, was a difciple of Trebatius, and lived under Auguftus. He was not only excellently (killed in the civil law, but was converfant in other ttu- dies, particularly thofe of grammar and dialectics, and the antiquities of language. He preferved the free fpirit of a republican under the rule of a matter, and (bowed on various occafions that he had not forgotten the ancient li¬ berty of his country. Suetonius, praifing the lenity of Auguftus, mentions that once, upon a nomination of fe- nators, when each fenator named another, Labeo cliofe
M. LepidtiSj
LAB
M. Lepidus, the particular enemy of Auguftus, and then an exile ; and, when the emperor alked him if there were no other more worthy, he replied, “ that every man mult judge for himfelf.” His great rival in jurifprudence, Ateius Capito, a man of a more complying difpoiition, blames this freedom as a kind of frenzy, and lays that Labeo, “ even when the deified Auguftus was the acknow¬ ledged head of the commonwealth, conlidered nothing as good in law which was not fanftioned by the ancient rules of juftice.” If Horace, by his Labeone infanior, (more frantic than Labeo,) alluded to this perfon, and his pafhon for liberty, he may be fufpefted of ridiculing a man of prin¬ ciple for unworthy purpofes. Tacitus fpeaksof both Ca¬ pito and Labeo as “ the two ornaments of peace in their age but celebrates the incorrupt freedom of the latter, which was the caufe of his rifing no higher than the pre- torlhip ; while the obfequioul'nefs of the former was re¬ warded with the confulate. Thefe two great lawyers were confidered as at the head of two oppofite fefts in the pro- feflion ; Capito, it is faid, adhering ftriftly to the maxims he had received, while Labeo introduced many novelties from his reading and reflexion. As this appears contrary to their characters as before difplayed, it is explained by fuppofing that Capito regarded the ft rift letter of the law, while Labeo attended to its fpirit. Our lawyer divided his time between bufinefs and ftudy, fpending fix months at Rome in giving advice and attending to public duties, and fix in a country retreat. He wrote a great number of books on different fubjefts, but chiefly relating to jurif¬ prudence. Aulus Gellius f'everal times refers to his com¬ mentaries on the twelve tables'. The time of his death is uncertain ; for it is fcarcely probable that he is the perfon of the fame name whom Pliny the elder mentions as lately dead at a very advanced age, and who made himfelf ridi¬ culous bv a paffion for miniature-painting. Gen. Bioo-
LAB'ENSTEIN. See Lobenstein.
LA'BENT, adj. \_laberis, Lat.] Sliding; gliding; flip¬ ping.
LA'BER, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Neuburg : eleven miles eaft of Dietfurt, and nine weft- north- weft of Ratifbon.
LA'BER, a river of Bavaria, which runs into the Da¬ nube five miles fouth-weft of Ratifbon.
LA'BER, a river of Bavaria, which runs into the Alt- <nuhl at Dietfurth.
LA'BER (Gros), a river of Bavaria, which runs into the Danube three miles north-north-eait of Straubing.
LA'BER (Klein), a river of Bavaria, which runs into the Danube four miles north-north-welt of Straubing.
LABE'RIUS (Decimus),a writer of the dramatic pieces called by the Latins mimes, was a Roman knight by birth. He was fixty years of age, when Julius Caefar, in the ple¬ nitude of his power, incited him to appear on the ftage in one of his own pieces. Macrobius, who has recorded the anecdote, has alfo preferved the prologue fpoken by Laberius on the occafion, in which he intimates that the requelt of fuch a man as Caefar was equivalent to a com¬ mand. He (hows a fpirit in thefe verfes fuperior to what plight have been expefted from a writer of licentious farces. The following lines are truly touching:
Ego bis tricenis amis aBis fine nota Eques Romanus bare egrejfus meo Domum revertar mimus : nimirum hoc die Uno plus vixi, mihi quam vivendum foret.
Twice thirty years paft o’er without a blot,
A Roman knight this morn I left my houfe,
A player to return. Alas ! my friends,
I feel that I have liv’d a day too long.
He did not refrain, during the action, from fome ftrokes againll the ufurper, and drew the eyes of all the aflembly upon Csefar by the fentence, Necejfe eft multos timeat quern multi timent : “Many he dreads in turn, whom many dread.” Caefar, however, rellored him to the rank of knight, which he had loft by appearing on the ftage ; but, to his morti- Vot.XII. No. 806.
LAB ts
fication, when he went to take his feat among the knights, no one offered to make room for him, and even his friend Cicero faid, “ I would give you room, if I were not too much crowded;” meaning a farcalin on the great num¬ ber of new knights created by Csefar. To which Labe¬ rius replied, “ I wonder you lhould be crowded, who ufu- ally fit upon two feats at once alluding to the orator’s trimming conduft in the civil dillenfions. Laberius fur- vived the dictator ten months, and died B.C. 44. The titles of feveral of his pieces are preferved by Atiius Gel¬ lius, and a few fragments of him are given in Mattaire’s Corpus Poetarum. Horace, in his Satires, has a line in difparagement of the mimes of Laberius, but which may be underftood rather as expreffing contempt for that fpe- cies of compofition than for his performances in particu¬ lar. VoJJii Poet. Lat.
LA'BES, f. [Latin.] A fpot ; ablemilh; the fulnefs of the lips. Phillips.
LA'BES, a town of Hinder Pomerania: thirty miles north-eaft of Stargard, and thirty fouth of Colberg. Lat. 53. 39. N. Ion. 15. 39. E.
LA'BEZ, a province of Algiers, lying to the fouth of Boujeah. It was at one time a kingdom, and is now lo called.
LA'BIA, f. plu. [Latin.] The lips; the edges of any wound or aperture.
LA'BIAL, adj. [ labialis , Lat.j Uttered by the lips.— — The Hebrews have alfigned which letters are labial , which dental, and which guttural. Bacon.
LA'BIAL, f. One of the letters pronounced by a par¬ ticular motion or prelfure of the lips.
LABIA'TAs, J. in botany, a natural order of plants, fo called, after Tournefort, from labium , a lip, in allufion to the ihape of the corolla, which relembles the mouth and lips of an animal. This order, the 39th of Juflieu’s lyftem, and the fixth of his eighth clafs, is equivalent to Linnaeus’s 43d natural order, Verticillatce ; or to the Didy- namia Gymnofpermia of his artificial fyftem ; except that the latter neceifarily excludes fuch genera of labiatce as have but two itamens, and which are therefore referred to his fecond clafs, diandria. Sec Botany Index.
LA'BIATE, adj. Having lips. In botany, applied to an irregular corolla with two lips.
LA'BIATED, adj. Formed with lips.
LABIAU', a town of Pruilia, in the province of Sam- land, with an ancient caftle, on the Deim : twenty miles eaft-north-eaft of Konigfberg. Lat. 54. 10. N. Ion. 21. 1 5. E.
LABI'CUM, a town of Italy, called alfo Lavicum, be¬ tween Gabii and Tufculum, which become a Roman co¬ lony about four centuries B. C. Now’ Colonna.
LA'BICZ, a town of Warfaw : thirty-two miles north of Gnefna.
LABIE'NUS, an officer of Caefar in the wars of Gaul. He deferted to Pompey, and was killed at the battle of Munda. — A Roman who followed the intereft of Brutus and Caffius, and became general of the Parthians againlt Rome. He was conquered by the officers of Augultus- Titus, an hiftorian and orator at Rome in the age of Au¬ guftus. The fenate ordered his papers to be burnt on account of their feditious contents; and Labienus, unable to lurvive the lofs of his writings, deitroyed himfelf.
LAB'ILE, adj. Slippery, apt to Hide, unftable. Cole.
LABIL'ITY, f. [labilitas, Lat.] Ir.ftability, aptnefs to Aide. Cole.
LABI'NA,y. in old records, watery land.
LABI'NyE, f. A term ufed by the authors who have written of Swiflerland, and other mountainous countries, to exprefs thole vaft maffes of fuow, which fometimes fall from the hills, and bury houfes or even whole towns; and when hardened by the frofts, as is often the cafe, into folid fubftances, they overthrow woods, villages, and whatever ftands in the way of their courfe, as they roll down the fteep fides of the precipices in their way. Some authors have alfo extended the word to a larger fenfe, and made it ex- C prefs
6
LAB
prefs the falling of vail rocks, or parts of mountains, and their rolling down in the fame manner into the flat coun¬ try ; this is a mifchief very frequent in the fame places, after frolls, and often very fatal.
LABIODENTAL, adj. [, labium and dentalis.] Formed or pronounced by the co-operation of the lips and teeth.
• — The dental confonants are very eafy ; and iirlt the labi¬ odentals, f, v alfo the linguadentals, th, dh. Holder.
LABIODENTAL, f One of the letters pronounced by the co-operation of the lips and teeth.
LA'BIS,yi A kind of forceps, an inftrument to lay bold of any thing. Not much ufed. Scott.
LA'BIUM VEN'ERIS. See Dipsacus.
LAB'LAB. See Dolichos.
LA'BO, a town on the welt coaft of the ifland of Su¬ matra, whofe chief trade is in pepper. Lat. 3. 20. N.
LABO'MAS, a town of the ifland of Cuba : feven miles ■fouth-eaft of Spiritu Santo.
LA'BON, a town on the well coaft of Sumatra, cele¬ brated for gold-dull and camphor; but the inhabitants are fny of trading with ftrangers: 150 miles fouth-fouth- eall of Acheen. Lat. 3. to. N. Ion. 96. 40. E.
LABOO'N, a town on the ealt coaft of the ifland of Borneo, fltuated on a peninl’ula which projects into the fea. Lat. 5. 9. N. Ion. 119. 5. E.
LA'BOR, f. See Labour.
LA'BOR, a town of New Navarre : 280 miles fouth- eaft of Cafa Grande.
LAB'ORANT, f. [ laborans , Lat.] A chemift. Not in ufe. — I can Ihew you a fort of fixt fulphur, made by an indullrious laborant. Boyle.
LABORA'TION,/ [from labor, Lat.] The aft of la¬ boring. Scott.
LAB'ORATORY, f. \_laboratoire, Fr.] A chemift’s •workroom. — It would contribute to the hiltory of colours, if chemills would in their laboratory take a heedful notice, and give us a faithful account, of the colours obferved in the fleam of bodies, either fublimed or diftilled. Boyle. ■—See the article Chemistry, vol. iv. p. 191 & feq. the eorrefponding Engravings, eleven in number, includ¬ ing every inftrument that can be wanted in a laboratory. See alfo the article Furnace, vol. viii.
LAB'ORATORY, adj. Belonging to a place ufed for chemical operations ; belonging to the place where the bombardiers prepare their works.
LABORIF'EROUS, adj. [from labor, Lat. labour, and fero, to bear.] Cauflng labour j enduring labour. Scott.
LABORIOS'ITY, f. [from laborious.’] The Hate of being laborious. Cole.
LABORIOUS, adj. [ laborieux , Fr. laboriofus, Lat.] Di¬ ligent in work; afliduous. — That which makes the clergy glorious, is to be knowing in their profeflion, unfpotted in their lives, aftive and laborious in their charges, bold and refolute in oppoling feducers, and daring to look vice in the face; and, laftly, to be gentle, courteous, and cora- paffionate, to all. South.
A fpacious cave within its farmoft part,
Was hew’d and fafliion’d'by laborious art.
Through the hill’s hollow fides. Dryden.
Requiring labour ; tirefome ; not eafy :
Do’ft thou love watchings, abftinence, and toil,
’Laborious virtues all ? learn them from Cato. Addifon.
1 LABORIOUSLY, adv. With labour; with toil.— The folly of him, who pumps very laborioitfly in a ftiip, yet ne- glefts to flop the leak. Decay of Piety.
I chufe lalorioufly to bear
A weight of woes, and breathe the vital air. Pope.
LABOR IOUSNESS,yi Toilfomenefs; difficulty. — The parallel holds in the gainlclfnefs, as well as the laboriouf- nefs, of the work ; thole wretched creatures, buried in earth and darknefs, were never the richer for all the ore they digged ; no more is the infatiate jnifer. Decay of Piety, — jDiligence; aflfiduity.
LAB
LAB'OROUS, adj. [a poetical word for] Laborious.— For lnifband’s life is laborous and hard. Spenf. Hubberd.
LABOSAR'DACH, oi'Laborosoarchod, king of Ba¬ bylon, Ion of Nerigliffar, reigned nine months, according to Berofus. He was flain by his own people, and- fuc- ceeded by Mabonidas, fays Berofus; or Nabannidoch, ac¬ cording to Abydinus; or Labynitus, according to Hero¬ dotus. Many are of opinion, that this is the Belfhezzar of Daniel. The fucceffion of Nebuchadnezzar’s ions i* extremely perplexed.
LA;BOUR,y] [ labeur , Fr. labor, Lat.] The aft of do¬ ing what requires a painful exertion of ltrength, or wea- rifome perfeverance ; pains ; toil ; travail ; work. — If I find her honeft, I lofe not my labour-, if ihe be otherwife, it is labour well bellowed. Shakefpeare, — Work to be done. — Being a labour of fo great difficulty, the exaft perform¬ ance thereof we may rather wiih than look for. Hooker.
If you had been the wife of Hercules,
Six of his labours you’d have done, and f3v’d Your huiband fo much fweat. Shakefpeare.
Work done; performance. — Exercife; motion with fome degree of violence. — Moderate labour of the body con¬ duces to the prefervation of health, and curing many ini¬ tial difeaies ; but the toil of the mind deftroys health, and generates maladies. Harvey. — Childbirth; travail. See the article Parturition. — Not one woman out of tw$ hundred dies in labour. Graunt .
Not knowing ’twas my labour, I complain Of fudden ihootings, and of grinding pain;
My throws come thicker, and my cries encreas’d,
Which with herliand the confcious nurfe fupprefs’d. Dry den*
LABOUR, before the revolution, a diftrift of France, in Gafcony, of which Bayonne was the capital.
To LAfBOUR, v. n. [ laboro , Lat.] To toil 5 to aft with painful effort. — Let more work be laid upon the men, thaj they may labour therein. Exod.
For your highnefs’ good I ever labour'd
More than mine own. Shakefpeare.
To do work; to take pains.-— The matter of the ceremo¬ nies had wrought, for the moil part, only upon light¬ headed weak men, whofe fatisfaftion was not to be la¬ boured for. Clarendon. — A labouring man that is given to drunkennefs, fliall not be rich. Ecclus. — That in the night they may be a guard to us, and labour on the day. Neln - miah. — To move with difficulty :
The ftone that labours up the hill,
Mocking the lab’rer’s toil, returning ftill,
Is love. Glanville.
To be difeafed with. Not in ufe. — I was called to another, who in childbed laboured of an ulcer in her left hip. Wife- man.
They abound with horfe.
Of which one want our camp doth only labour. B. fonfon .
To be in diftrefs; to be preffed. — This exercife will call down the favour of Heaven upon you, to remove thole affiiftions you now labour under from you. Wake's Prepa¬ ration for Death.
Trumpets and drums fliall fright her from the throne.
As founding cymbals aid the lab'ring moon. Dryden,
To be in childbirth ; to be in travail :
There lay a log unlighted on the earth,
When flie was lab'ring in the throws of birth;
For th’ unborn chief the fatal fillers came.
And rais’d it up, and tofs’d it on the flame. Dryden, Here, like fome furious prophet, Pindar rode.
And feem’d to labour with th’ infpiring god. Pope.
To LA'BOUR, v. a. To work at; to move with diffi¬ culty; to form with labour; to profecute with effort. — - "To ufe brevity, and avoid much labouring of the work,
is
LAB
Is f-o be granted to him that will make an abridgment,
% Macc.
Had you requir’d my helpful hand,
Th’ artificer and art you might command,
To labour arms for Troy. Dry den's ALneid.
To beat; to belabour:
Take, fliepherd, take a plant of ftubborn oak,
And labour him with many a fturdy ftroke. Drydert.
LA'BOtTRER,/ [laboureur, Fr.] One who is employ¬ ed in coarfe and toilfome work. — The prince cannot fay to the merchant, I have no need of thee; nor the merchant to the labourer, I have no need of thee. Swift.
Health to himfelf, and to his infants bread,
The lab'rer bears. Pope .
One who takes pains in any employment. — Sir, I am a true labourer ; I earn that I eat; get that I wear; owe no man hate ; envy no man’s happinefs. Shake/peare.
The ftone that labours up the hill,
Mocking the lab'rer's toil, returning Hill,
Is love. Glanville.
Labourers, confpiring together concerning their work or wages, {hall forfeit iol. for the firlt offence, aol. for the fecond, &c. and, if not paid, be fet on the pillory. 2 & 3 Edw. VI. c. 15. See Conspiracy. — Juftices of peace and fte wards of leets, & c. have power to hear and deter¬ mine complaints relating to non-payment of labourers’ wages. 4 Edw. IV. 1. Labourers taking work by the great, and leaving the fame unfiniflied, unlefs for non¬ payment of wages, or where they are employed in the king’s fervice, &c. are to fuffer one month’s imprifonment, and forfeit 5I. The wages of labourers are to be yearly affefled for every county by the flieriff, and juftices of peace in the Eafter feftions, and in corporations by the head officers, under penalties. 5 Eliz. c. 4. And the flie¬ riff is to caufe the rates and aiTeflrnents of wages to be pro¬ claimed. 1 Jac. I. c. 6. All perfons fit for labour fhall be compelled to ferve by the day in the time of hay or corn harveft ; and labourers in the harveft-time may go to other counties, having tejlimonials. From the middle of March to the middle of September, labourers are to work from five o’clock in the morning till feven or eight at night, being allowed two hours for breakfaft and dinner, and half an hour for fleeping in the three hot months ; and all the reft of the year from twilight to twilight, ex¬ cept an hour and a half for breakfaft and dinner, on pain of forfeiting id. for every hour abfent. If any labourer fliall make an affault upon his mafter, he fhall fuffer and be punilhed as a fervant making fuch affault. 5 Eliz. c. 4. And, by ftat. 6 Geo. III. c. 25, artificers, labourers, and other perfons, abfenting themfelves from the fervice of their employers, before the expiration of the term contracted for, Ihall be punilhed by imprifonment for not lefs than one month, nor more than three.
LABOUREU'R (John), a writer of hiftory and me¬ moirs, was born in 1623 at Montmorenci, near Paris. At the age of nineteen he difplayed his turn for hiftori- cal refearches by publilhing an account of the tombs in the church of the Celeftines at Paris, with memoirs of the perfons entombed, their genealogies, arms, See. which, though an incorrefi performance, was well received. In 1644, he was at court, in the ftation of gentleman in wait¬ ing, when he was appointed to attend the marfhalefs Guebriant into Poland, whither ftie was conducting the duchefs of Nevers, contracted to king Ladiflaus IV. Af¬ ter his return, he publifhed, in 1647, a curious narrative, of this female embafly. He then entered into the eccle- ftaftical profeffion, and was made almoner to the king, and prior of Juvigne. In 1664, the king created him com¬ mander of the order of St. Michael. He died in 1675. His other works were, 2. A Hiftory of the Marlhal de Guebriant, 1659. 3. A new edition of the Memoirs of
Michael de Caftelnau, with feveral genealogical hiftoriesj
LAB r
1656, a vols. folio ; alfo at Bruffels, in 3 vols, folio, 1731. This performance is reckoned to have thrown much light upon French hiftory; and the additions by le Laboureur are faid to be very valuable, both for their accuracy and the free fpjrit in which they are written. 4. Hiftory of Charles VI. tranflated from the Latin of a manufeript in the Library of the Prefident de Thou, 2 vols. folio, 1663. 5. A Treatife on the Origin of Coats of Arms, 1684, 4to. He left feveral manuferipts, particularly, 6. A Hiftory of the Peerage, in the king’s library. Moreri.
Laboureur had a brother, (Louis,) bailiff of Mont¬ morency, author of feveral pieces of poetry. And an un¬ cle, (Claude,) provoft of the abbey of l’lfle Barbe, of which abbey he wrote a hiftory ; and publifhed notes and correc¬ tions upon the breviary of Lyons, with fome other things.
LABOURING, / The aft of toiling, or working hard.
LA'BOURSOME, adj. Made with great labour and di¬ ligence. Not in ife.
He hath; my lord, by labourfome petition,
Wrung from me my flow leave. Skakefpeare's Hamlet.
Among fearnen it implies a violent rolling or pitching motion of a fliip at fea, by which the mails, and even the hull, are in great danger. By pitching fuddenly, the malts are likely to be carried away; and by the heavy roi¬ ling motion the mails {train upon the fhrouds, and confe- quently upon the fides, with an effort which increafes as the fine of their obliquity ; and the continued agitation of the velfel gradually loofens her joints, and makes her extremely leaky.
LA'BRA, / [Spanilh,] A lip. Not ufed.
Word of denial in thy labras here;
Word of denial : froth and feum, thou lieft. Shakefptare .
LABRADE'US, a furname of Jupiter in Caria. The word is derived from labrys, which in the language of the country fignifies a hatchet, which Jupiter’s ftatue held in its hand. Plutarch.
LABRADO'R, a country of Nortli-America, in the government of Canada, bounded on the north-eaft by Hudfon’s Straits and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the fouth-eaft by the Straits of Bellille, on the fouth by Ca¬ nada, and on the weft by Hudfon’s Bay. A late author, Mr. Cartwright, who, from a long refidence of fixteen years, had good opportunities of being well informed, fays, the face of the whole country, at leaft all we are at prefent acquainted with, is very hilly, and in moll parts mountainous. The fouth coalt appears fertile from the fea, but a clofe infpeCtion difeovers the foil to be poor, and the verdure to confift only of coarfe plants, adapted to the nourifhment of deer and goats, but not proper for horfes, kine, or llieep. Corn might pollibly be railed about the heads of the deepeft bays, and in the interior parts of the country; but the few experiments which were made in gardens failed of fuccefs ; for the ears were finged by the froft before the grain ripened. All the ealt coaft, as far as he went, exhibits a molt barren appearance; the mountains rife fuddenly out of the fea, compofed of rocks, thinly covered in fpots with black peat-earth, on which grow fome ftunted fpruces, and a few other plants, but not lufficient to give them the leaft appearance of fer¬ tility; however, the fea, rivers, and lakes, abound in filh, fowl, and amphibious creatures. No country is better furnilhed with large, convenient, and fafe, harbours, or fupplied with better water; for rivers, brooks, lakes, pools, and ponds, are every where to be met with in great abundance. All along the eaft coaft, and within the many capacious bays which indent it, are thoufands of illands of various fizes, on which innumerable multitudes of ei¬ der-ducks, and other water-fowl, breed; the larger ones have generally deer, foxes, and hares, upon them. All kinds of filh which are found in the arCtic feas abound on this coaft ; and the rivers are frequented by falmon and fea-trout; pike, barbel, eels, river-trout, and fome other kinds, are alfo found in them. A few miles from the fea 3 the
6 L A B R
the air becomes foft and warm, bare rocks no longer ap¬ pear, the land is thickly clothed with timber, which- reaches down almoft to high-water mark, and is generally edged with grafs. Few (lout trees are to be met with un¬ til you have advanced a conliderable diftance, and have fhut the fea out. Nature has clothed the ground with fpruces and firs; intermixing a few larches, birch, and afpens, fparingly, along the edges of thofe woods which grow adjoining to the ftiores of the bays, rivers, brooks, and ponds, where only they arrive at any degree of per¬ fection. Labrador produces but feven forts of trees which are worthy of that appellation, viz. black, white, and red, fpruce ; larch, filver fir, birch, and afpen ; at leak, if there be any others, they muft grow on the confines of Canada. The reft are mere fhrubs; they are the alder, ofier, dog- berry, pears, juniper, currants, rafpberries, with a few others. The fruits confilt of various kinds of berries, viz. currants, rafpberries, partridge-berries, empetum ni¬ grum, apples, pears, whortle-berries, cranberries, and a fmall berry, the plant of which refembles that of the ftraw- berry, each producing but a Angle fruit, which is of a bright pink colour, granulated like a mulberry, and has a delicious flavour. The only vegetables found by him fit to eat, were wild celery, fcurvy-grafs, the young leaves of the ofier, and of the ground whortle-berry ; Indian fallad, red docks, and an alpine plant which the rein-deer are very fond of. The foil is nroftly of a light kind, yet clay is common; no ores have yet been difcovered, except that of iron, which feems to be in great plenty. White fpar is very common, and feveral famples of that beauti¬ ful one, called Labrador fpar, had been picked up by the Efquimaux. The birds of the country are the white¬ tailed eagle, falcons, hawks, and owls of various kinds ; raven, white groufe, ptarmigan, fpruce-game, whiffling curlew, grey plover, various kinds of fand-pipers, and other waders ; geefe, ducks of various forts, fhags, gulls, divers of various forts, fwallows, martins, fome few fpe- cies of fmall birds, fnipes, and doves; the two laft are very fcarce. The beafts are bears both white and black, rein-deer, wolves, wolverines ; foxes of various kinds, viz. black, filver, crofs, yellow, white, and blue; mar¬ tins, lynxes, otters, mink, beavers, mufquafh, racoons, hares, rabbits, and moles, and probably other kinds. He who wifhes to ltudy the manners of bears may here find am¬ ple fatisfadtion. At a cataradt, furrounded with alders, l'pruces, firs, larches, birch, and afpin, many falmon af- cend, and the bears alfemble in numbers to catch their favourite prey. Some dive after the fifh, and do not ap¬ pear again till at the diflance of feventy or eighty yards. Others feem to be loungers, who only come to fee what is going forward, and to enjoy the promenade and the fpedta- cle. Mr. Cartwright counted, upon one occafion, thirty- Swo white bears, and three black ones.
The climate is remarkably healthy, the winters are very long and fevere, but the cold is of a pleafant kind ; never cauling a perfon to fhiver, as it does in England ; neither could he ever obferve that the fudden and great tranfi- tions which are fo often experienced had any bad efteft on the conllitution, nor did he know of oneendemical com¬ plaint. A few miles from the fea, the weather in the fummer-time is quite warm, and the air has a remarkable foftnefs in it ; but the multitudes of mofquitos and fand- flies are intolerable grievances. On the fea-coaft the air is much cooler; and it is very raw and cold indeed when the wind comes in from the ocean, occafioned by the pro¬ digious quantities of ice fo immediately contiguous to the coaft, whereby the water itfelf is always in a chilled ftate. The bufinefs hitherto carried on by the Englith is the fame with that on the iiland of Newfoundland. The ex¬ ports are cod-filh, falmon, oil, whalebone, and furs ; but tire latter are much fuperiorto any of the fame kind which are killed upon that ifland, and few parts of the world produce better. There are feveral Moravian fettlements on the eaft coalt, the principal Qf which is Nain, formed -about the year 1764.
A D O R.
The native inhabitants of Labrador confift of two dif- tin<5f nations of Indians, Mountaineers and Efquimaux, who live in bitter enmity with each other. The Moun¬ taineers, who inhabit the interior parts of the country to¬ wards the north, are tall, thin, and excellent walkers ; their colour greatly refembles that of our gypfies, proba¬ bly occafioned by their being confiantly expofed to the weather and fmoky wigwams. Thefe people inhabit the interior parts of the country, which they traverfe by the afliftance of canoes, covered with birch-rinds, in the fum- mer ; and of rackets, or fnow-fhoes, in the winter. They are wonderfully fugacious at killing deer, otherwife they would ftarve ; and when they are in a part of the country, in the winter-time, where deer are fcarce, they will follow a herd by the flot, day and night, until they tire them quite down; when they are fure to kill them all, that is to fay, if the night is light enough; for they reft only four or five hours, then purfue again; which fpace of time being too ftiort for the deer to obtain either food or reft, they are commonly jaded out by the fourth day. The Indians paunch and leave them, go back to their fa¬ milies, return immediately with bag and baggage, and re¬ main there until they have eaten them all; when, if they have not provided another fupply elfewhere, they look out afrefh. But, when deer are plentiful, they are quickly provided with food without much trouble. As thefe peo¬ ple never flay long in a place, confequently they never build houfes, but live the yeas round in miferable wig¬ wams, the coverings of which are deer-fkins and birch- bark ; the fkins which they ufe for this purpofe, as well as for clothes, are tainted to take off the hair, then walked in a lather of brains and water, and afterwards dried and well rubbed; but for winter ule they alfo have jackets of beaver or deer-fkins, with the hair on. As to the mo¬ rals of thefe people, Mr. Cartwright fays, he cannot fpeak much in praife of them, for they are greatly addicted to drunkennefs and theft. They profefs the Romifh religion ; but know no more of it than merely to repeat a prayer or two, count their beads, and fee a prieft whenever they go to Quebec.
Of the Efquimaux, however, Mr. Cartwright gives a much more favourable account. That gentleman’s objeft, in vifiting the coaft of Labrador, was the purfuit of va¬ rious branches of bufinefs, and particularly the cultiva¬ tion of a friendly intercourfe with the Efquimaux Indi¬ ans, “ who have always been accounted the moil favage race of people upon the whole continent of America.” How juftly they are now to be thus regarded, the reader will judge from the words of the author in his laft volume, where, fpeaking of thefe Indians, he obferves : “I will content myfelf with faying they are the beft-tempered people I ever met with, and molt docile ; nor is there a nation under the fun with which I would fooner truft my perfon and property ; although, till within thefe few years, they were never known to have any intercourfe with Eu¬ ropeans without committing theft or murder, and gene¬ rally both.”
Having eftabliftied a friendly intercourfe with the Ef¬ quimaux Indians, Mr. C. relates many particulars of their ingenuity, difpofitions, and propeniities : “ Very little more (he obferves) than the mere neceflaries of life (which, a little reflection will convince every one, are very few indeed) will fatisfy an Indian ; for he has no ftimulus to induftry. When he has killed food, he has generally pro¬ cured clothing alfo ; therefore he will work no longer. As feals are infinitely more valuable to an Efquimau, and much more certain to be killed by him, than foxes, mar¬ tens, or any other animals, on the Ikins of which luxury has fixed a better price ; it is not furprifing that he will ftick clofe to the chafe of the one, to the great negledt of the other. Befides, the catching of furs is fo fatiguing and precarious, and the carcafes fo fmall, that, were he to give up his time to that bufinefs, his family muft perifti with hunger. Yet I have not a doubt, but commerce will, in progreis of time, have the fame eft'eft on thefe people,
that
LABRADOR.
that it ever has had on other nations; it will introduce luxury, which will increafe their wants, and urge them to much more induftry than they at prefent poflefs. They will then purchafe traps, learn to build deathfalls, and contrive other devices to kill furs, at luch times as a fuc- cefsful feal-chale lhall give them leifure to pay proper at¬ tention to that branch of trade.”
Thel’e people, Mr. Cartwright adds, are a detachment from the Greenlanders. That the Greenlanders and the Efquimaux agree in every circumftance of cuftoins, and manners, and' language, which are demonitrations of an original identity of nation, was difcovered near half a century ago. Crantz, in his Hiffory of Greenland, (vol. i. p. 263.) informs us, that the Moravian brethren, who, with the confent and furtherance of fir Hugh Pallifer, then governor of Newfoundland, vilited the Elquimaux on the Labrador coaft, found that their language and that of the Greenlanders do not differ fo much as high and low Dutch. Mr. Hearne, in 1771, traced this unhappy race farther back, towards that part of the globe from whence they had originally coafted along in their fkin-boats ; having met with fome of them at the mouth of the Copper-mine ri¬ ver, in the latitude of 720, and near 500 leagues farther welt than PickerfgilPs molt wefterly flation in Davis’s Strait. Their being the fame tribe, who now actually inhabit the iflandsand coalts on the weft fide of North America, oppofite to Kamtfchatka, is a difcovery, the completion of which was referved for captain Cook. The reader of his Third Voyage will find them at Norton Sound, and at Oonalafhka, and Prince William’s Sound ; that is, near 1500 leagues diftant from their ftations in Greenland, and 011 the La¬ brador coalt. And, left fimilitude of manners fhould be thought to deceive us, a table exhibiting proofs of affinity of language, drawn up by captain Cook and inferted in the Appendix to the work juft cited, will remove every doubt from the mind of the moft fcrupulous inquirer after truth.
The Efquimaux are of a deep-tawny, or rather copper- coloured, complexion ; they are inferior in fize to the gene¬ rality of Europeans, and there are but few of them who are of a good flature. They are flat-vifaged, and have fhort nofes j their hair is black and very coarfe ; their hands and feet are remarkably frnall. The women load their heads with large firings of beads, which they fallen to their hair above their ears ; and they are fond of a hoop of bright brafs, which they wear as a coronet. Their drefs is entirely of lkins ; and confifts of a fort of hood¬ ed clofe fliirt, breeches, dockings, and boots. The drefs of the different fexes is the fame, except that the women wear very large boots, and their upper garment is orna¬ mented with a tail. In the boots they occalionally place their children ; but the youngeft is always carried at their back, in the hood of their jacket. They have no fort of bread, but live chiefly on the flefh of feal, deer, fifh, and birds. In the winter they live in houfes, or rather ca¬ verns, which are funk in the earth. In the fummer they occupy tents, made circular with poles, and covered with fkins. They have no fort of beverage among them except water, and are not fond of fpirituous liquors. They feem to have no Tort of religion, nor to have any objebt of ado¬ ration among them. They have no kind of government; and no man is fuperior to another, but as he excels in flrength or in courage, and in having the greatefi number of wives and children. They have no marriage- ceremony ; a wife is confidered as property ; and a hufband lends one of his wives to a friend. The women marry young. The men are extremely indolent, and women are mere drudges, doing every thing except procuring food. They few with the finews of a deer, and their needle-work is very neat. They have few difeafes,- and are confequently with¬ out phyficians ; but they imagine, that tying to their neck or wrilts the particular part of fome fifh or animal, accord¬ ing to the complaint, will effebt a cure. Thele Indians cannot reckon numerically beyond fix; and their com¬ pound numbers reach no farther than twenty-one ; every thing beyond this is a multitude. Their dread of the Moun- Vol. XII. No. 806.
9
taineers makes them live always upon the fea-fliores. Their canoes are extremely long in proportion to their breadth, being upwards of twenty feet by two, and contain only one perfon ; they are covered with fkins, and extremely light, fo that they are eafily overlet. They navigate their lhal- lops without a compafs, in the thickefi fogs, and are very good coafters. Their dogs, of which they have a great number, ferve as a guard, and as food ; their ikins fupply them with clothing ; and in winter they draw their fledges. They cannot bark, but make a moll hideous howl ; they are large, and have a head like a fox ; whereas the dogs of the Mountaineers are very frnall. The weapons of thefe Indians are the dart, and the bow and arrow ; but they are not very expert in the ufe of either- Their popula¬ tion cannot be accurately afcertained ; Mr. Curtis made fome attempt for this purpofe, by counting the number belonging to each tribe, eftimated by the number of boat9, and by that of the men, women, and children, belonging to each boat ; ellimating them in this way, he reckons their number to be 162;.
For the amufement of our readers, we fball extrabl from Mr. Cartwright’s Journal an account of the behaviour of thofe Efquimaux Indians who accompanied him on his return to England, at the conclufion of his firfl voyage.
“Dec. n-13, 1772. — At three o'clock this afternoon we came to an anchor in the Downs, and took a pilot on¬ board. We failed from thence the next morning, am! in twenty-four hours came to an anchor in Gravefend Road ; I landed with the two men, and fet off for Lon¬ don in a poft-chaife, where we arrived at three in tl.e after¬ noon.
“Dec. 14. — I went down the river this morning, met the veffel in the Pool, and brought the women on-fliore. They were greatly allonifhed at the number of flapping which they law in the river ; for they did not fuppofe that there were fo many in the whole world; but I was ex¬ ceedingly difappointed to obferve them pal's through Lon¬ don Bridge without taking much notice of it. I foon dif¬ covered that they took it for a natural rock which ex¬ tended acrofs the river. They laughed at me when I told them it was the work of men ; nor could I make therm believe it, till we came to Blackfriars’ Bridge, which I caufed them to examine with more attention ; fhowing them the joints, and pointing out the marks of the chi- fels upon the Hones. They no fooner comprehended by what means fuch a ftrublure could be erebted, than they expreffed their wonder with aftonifhing fignificancy of countenance. On landing at Weftminfter Bridge, we were immediately furrounded by a great concourfeof peo¬ ple ; attracted not only by the uncommon appearance of the Indians, who were in their feal-fkin drefles, but alfo by a beautiful eagle, and an Efquimau dog, which had much the refemblance of a wolf, and a remarkable wildnefs of look. I put them all into coaches with as much expe¬ dition as pofiible, and drove off to the lodgings which I had prepared in Leicefter-ftreet.
“ In a few days time, I had fo many applications for ad¬ mittance to fee the new vifitors, that my time was wholly taken up in gratifying the curiofity of my friends and their acquaintance ; and the numbers who came made my lodgings very inconvenient to the landlord as well as to rnylelf. I therefore refolved to look out for a houfe. I foon hired afmall one, ready turnifhed, for ten guineas a- month, in Little Callle-ltreet, Oxford Market, and re¬ moved thither. Being willing, as far as lay in my power, to comply with the incell'ant applications of my friends for a fight of the Indians, and finding it impolfible either to have any retl, or time to tranfaft bufinefs, I appropri¬ ated two days a-week to that purpofe, viz. Tuefdays and Fridays. On thofe days, not only my houfe was filled, even to an inconvenience, but the ftreet was fo much crowded with carriages and people, that my refidence was a great nuifance to the neighbourhood. As their Ikin- drefies had a dirty appearance and an offenfive lrnell, I provided a quantity of broad-cloth, flannel, and beads, D together
20
LABRADOR,
together with whatever elfewas neceffary; and the women, now having ieilure to work, and being excellent tailors, foon clothed them all anew ; preferving their own falhion in the cut of their garments.
“ I once took the men to the opera when their majefties were there j and we chanced to fit near Mr. Colman, the manager of Covent Garden Theatre, who politely invited all the Indians and myfelf to a play at his houfe. He fix¬ ed on Cymbeline, and they were greatly delighted with the reprefentation. But their pride was moft highly gra¬ tified, at being received with a thundering applaufe by the audience, on entering the box. The men foon ob¬ ferved to their wives, that they were placed in the king’s box, and received in the fame manner as their majefties were at the opera ; which added confiderably to the plea- fure which they felt from the tout enfemble. Never did I obferve lb young a child pay Inch unremitting attention to the whole reprefentation, as little ickeuna ; no fooner did the fwords begin to clafh, in the fighting-feene be¬ tween PofthumuS and Iachimo, but fhe fet up a molt feel¬ ing feream.
“ About a fortnight after our arrival in town, having provided great-coats, boots, and hats, for the men, in or¬ der that they might pafs through the ftreets unobferved, I took Attuiock with me, and walked beyond the Tow'er. We there took boat, rowed up the river, and landed at Weltminfter Bridge; from whence we walked to Hyde- Park Corner, and then home again. I w\as in great ex¬ pedition, that he would begin to relate the wonders which he had feen, the inftant he entered the room ; but I found myfelf greatly difappointed. He immediately fat down by the fire-fide, placed both his hands on his knees, leaned his head forward, fixed his eyes on the ground in a ftupid ftare ; and continued in that pofture for a confiderable time. At length, tolling up his head, and fixing his eyes on the ceiling, he broke out in the following foliloquy : Ok ! I am tired ; here are too many houfes ; too viuchfmoke ; too many people ; Labrador is very goodjfeals are plentiful there ; 1 wijh I was bach again. By which I could plainly perceive, that the multiplicity and variety of objeds had confounded his ideas ; which were too much confined to comprehend, at firft, any thing but the incon¬ veniences that he had met with. And, indeed, the longer they continued in England, the more was I convinced of the truth of that opinion ; for their admiration increased in proportion as their ideas expanded ; till at length they began more clearly to comprehend the ufe, beauty, and mechanifm, of what they faw.
“Although they had often palfed St. Paul’s without be¬ traying any great aftonifhment, or at leak not fo much as all Europeans do at the find fight of one of thofe ftupen- dous illands of ic-e which are daily to be feen near the eaft coaft of their own country, yet, when I took them to the top of it and convinced them that it was built by the hands of men, (a circumftance which had not entered their heads before, for they had fuppofed it a natural pro- dudion,) they were quite loft in amazement. The peo¬ ple below, they compared to mice ; and infilled that it an u ft be at leaft as high as Cape Charles, which is a moun¬ tain of confiderable altitude. Upon my alking them how they fhoukl deferibe it to their countrymen on their return, they replied, with a look of the utmoft expreftion, that they flrndd neither mention it, nor many other things which they had feen, left they faould be called liars, from the feeming irnpof- fibility of fuck ajlonijhing fabls.
“ Walking along Piccadilly one day with the two men, I took them into a fticp to Ihow them a coiledion of ani¬ mals. We had no fooner entered than I obferved their attention riveted on a fmall monkey ; and I could perceive horror inoft ftrongly depicted in their countenances. At length the old man turned to me, and faltered out, “ Is that an Efquimau?” I rnuft.confefs, that both the co¬ lour and contour of the countenance had confiderable re¬ semblance to the people of their nation ; but how they could conceive it poffible for an Efquimau to be reduced
to that diminutive fize, I am wholly at a lots to account for ; unlefs they had fixed their attention on the counte¬ nance only, and had not adverted to any other particulars. On pointing out feveral other monkeys of different kinds, they were greatly diverted at the miftake which they had made ; but were not well pleafed to obferve, that mon¬ keys refembled their race much morn than ours. The parrots, and other talkative birds, next attracted their no¬ tice. And it was a great treat to me,' both then and at all other times, to obferve their different emotions, much more forcibly expreffedin their countenances than is pof- fible to he done by thofe whofe feelings are not equally genuine. Civilized nations imperceptibly contract an ar¬ tificial expreffion of countenance, to help out their lan¬ guid feelings ; for knowledge, by a communication with the world and books, enlightens our ideas fo much, that they are not fo liable to be taken by furprife as the unin¬ formed mind of the favage, who never had the leaft hint given him that certain things are in exiftence ; confe- quently, they break upon them as unexpectedly, and for¬ cibly, as the fun w'ould do upon a man who was born deaf and blind, in cafe he Ihould fuddenly be brought to fight on a clear day.
“ Being on a dining-vifit with that excellent furgeon and anatomift, the ingenious John Hunter; in the after¬ noon Attuiock walked out of the room by himfelf, but prefently returned with fuch evident marks of terror, that we were all greatly alarmed, fearing fome accident had happened to1 him, or that he had met with an infult from one of the fervants. Pie feized hold of my hand, and ea¬ gerly preffed me to go along with him. I a iked the caufe of his emotion, but could get nothing more from him than ‘Come along, come along with me and he haftily led me into a room in the yard, in which ftood a glafs cafe containing many human bones. ‘Look there,’ lays he, with more horror and confternation in his counte¬ nance, than lever beheld in that of man before ; ‘are thofe the bones of Efquimaux whom Mr. Hunter has killed and eaten? Are we to be killed? Will he eat us, and put our bones there ?’ As the whole company followed us, the other Indians had alio taken the alarm before the old prieft had finilhed his interrogatories ; nor did any of them feem more at eafe, by the reft of us breaking out into a Bid¬ den and hearty laugh, till I explained to them that thofe were the bones of our own people, who had been executed for certain crimes committed by them, and were preferred there, that Mr. Hunter might better know how to fet thofe of the living, in cafe any of them Ihould chance to be broken ; which often happened in fo populous a country. They were then perfectly fatisfied, and approved of the practice ; but Attuiock’s nerves had received too great a fnock to enable him to refume his ufual tranquillity, till he found himfelf fafe in my houfe again.
“ Palling through Hyde Park in our way to Holland Houfe, and obferving his majelty looking at the regiment of Old Buffs, which were then going to Plymouth, we got out of the coach and went up to the front; where I explained to them the ufe of that body of men, and of the evolutions which they were performing. After his majefty had viewed the regiment colleClively, the recruits were drawn out at a few paces diftant from the left flank, thathe.might examine them feparately. So great a crowd had gathered round us, as incommoded our view of the troops, and attrafted the notice of the king, who then lent general Harvey to order me, with the Indians, into the vacant lpace between the regiment and the recruits. Here his majefty rode llowly pad them, and condefcended to falute them by taking off his hat, accompanied with a gracious fmile ; honours which they were highly pleafed with, and often mentioned afterwards with great exul¬ tation. Nor were they in the leaft difpleafed that his ma¬ jefty did not fpeak to them; lince I had previoully told them not to expeft it ; and they obferved that he lpoke to none but the commanding officer, and one or two of thofe who were in attendance,’
3
i{ The
LAB
“The face of the country did not pafs unobferved by them ; and their expreffion was, The land, is nil made ; for they fuppofed that we had cut down the woods, and le¬ velled the hills. In the former fuppofition they were cer¬ tainly right ; and I do not wonder at the latter, lince they would naturally fuppofe that all the world was like the fmall part of it which they had formerly feen; and which is aim oft an entire collection of hilis covered with thick woods. . As they had never before feen any cultivated land (except a few l'mall gardens, which they obferved were dug with a fpa'de), they formed an idea of our immenfe numbers, by being able to till fo .much land and confume the produce of it in a year; exclufive of the animal food with which they faw our tables and markets abounded. How the inhabitants of London were fupplied with food, I could never make them fully comprehend, any more than I could the number of people by which th& metro¬ polis was inhabited. Their arithmetic goes no higher than the number twenty-one ; therefore, the bell I could do, was to tell them, that a certain number of large whales would ferve them for one meal only. Nothing furprifed them more, than to meet with a man who allured, them he could not (hoot, had never killed an animal, nor feen the fea, in his life.
“After my return to town, by his majefty’s pertnillion I took them to court ; where their drefles and behaviour made them greatly taken notice of. They were alfo at the houfes of feveral of the nobility and people of falhion ; and I omitted nothing, which came within the compafs of my pocket, to make their ftay in England agreeable, or to imprefs them with ideas of our riches and ftrength. The latter I thought highly necefl’ary, as they had often, when in Labrador, fpoken of our numbers with great con¬ tempt ; and told methey were fo numerous, that they could cut olF all the Englifti with great eafe, if they thought proper to collect thernfelves together; an opinion which could not fail to produce in me very unpleafant reflections. But they had not been long in London before they con- fefled to me, that the Efquimaux were but as one, com¬ pared to the number of the Engl'ilh.”
Having purchafed a brig of eighty tons, Mr. C. began, in the fpring of the year 1773, to prepare for a fecond voyage, in order to re (tore thefe Efquimaux to their coun¬ try and friends. But the pleafing profpefts which he had indulged were of a fliort duration. On the evening of the 13th of May, Caubvick, a female Indian, complained of great ficknefs at her ftomach, which daily grew worfe. At Lymington, her diforder was declared to be the fmall- pox ; and, as it was in vain to expeft the reft fliould efcape the infection, preparative medicines were accordingly given to them. On the Z2d, Caubvick appeared to be out of danger. At the fame time, Ickcongoque, another Indian, began to ficken. On the 29th, fo dreadful a flench pervaded the whole veflel, that there feemed reafon to ap¬ prehend that they would all be foon attacked with a pef- tilential fever. The Indians were all ill, and two of the (hip’s crew were already indifpofed. Mr. C. therefore ordered the mailer to carry the veflel into Plymouth, re¬ moved the Indians on-lhore, and procured for them every medical afliftance which Plymouth afforded ; yet, melan¬ choly to relate! Caubvick alone recovered. O11 the 16th of July, Mr. C. failed for Labrador. The hair of the In¬ dian woman being much matted with the lmall-pox, it was by no means eafy to prevail on her to part with that which the regarded as a principal ornament; nor, when cut off, would any intreaties, or reprefentations of the danger to which the would expofe her countrymen, in¬ duce her to throw it overboard. She carried it home ; and, in the farther perufal of the Journal, we oblerve a conjecture, founded on the knowledge of foine facts, that the hair of this Indian was the means of communicating to her countrymen this fatal diforder. On the 31ft of Auguft they reached the coaft of Labrador. The report of- their arrival brought the three fouthernmoli tribes of Efquimaux, amounting to about five hundred, to receive
LAB 11
their long-expefted friends, and to hear the wonderous llories which they might have to relate. We (hall give an account of the affecting feene of their difappointment in the words of the author : “ I placed myfelf upon a rock near the water-fuie, and Caubvick fat down a few paces behind me. We waited for the landing of the In¬ dians with feelings very different from their’s ; who were hurrying along with tumultuous joy at the thoughts of immediately meeting their relations and friends again. As the Ihore would not permit them to land out of their boats, they brought them to their anchors at a diftance off, and the men came in their kyacks, each bringing two other perfons, lying flat on their faces ; one behind and the other before, on the top of the (kin covering. On drawing near the Ihore, and perceiving only Caubvick and myfelf, their joy abated, and their countenances aflumed a different afpeft. Being landed, they fixed their eyes oti Caubvick and me, in profound gloomy iilence. At length, with great perturbation and in faltering accents, they en¬ quired, feparately, what was become of the reft ; and were no fooner given to underltand, by a filent forrowful fliake of my head, that they were no more, than they inftantly fet up fuch a yell, as 1 had never before heard. Many of them, but particularly the women, fnatched up (tones, and beat thernfelves on the head and face till they became Shocking fpedtacles; one pretty young girl (a filter to the two men deceafed) gave herfelf fo fevere a blow upon the cheek-bone, that lhe bruifedand cut the fiefii Ihockingly, and almoft beat an eye out. In fliort, the violent frantic expreflions of grief were fuch as far exceeded my imagi¬ nation ; and I could not help participating with them fo far as to Hied tears molt plentifully. They no fooner ob¬ ferved my emotion, than, iniftakingitfortheapprehenfions which I was under for fear of their refentment, they in¬ ftantly feemed to forget their own feelings, to relieve thofe of mine. They preffed round me, clafped my hands, and faid and did all in their power to convince me that they did not entertain any fufpicion of my conduct towards their departed friends. As foon as the firlt violent tranf- ports of grief began to fubfide, I related the melancholy tale, and explained to them, as well as I could, the dif¬ order by which they were carried off ; and pointed to Caubvick, who bore very ftrong as well as recent marks of it. They often looked very attentively at her, but, during the whole time, they never fpoke one word to her, nor (lie to them. As foon as I had brought the afflicting ftory to a conclulion, they allured me of their belief of every particular, and renewed their declarations of friend- fliip. Their ftay afterwards was but fliort ; they prefently reimbarked, weighed their anchors, and ran acrofs the harbour to Raft Tickle, where they landed and encamped ; the reft of the afternoon and the whole of the night was fpent in horrid veilings, which were confiderably aug¬ mented by the variety of echoes, produced from the mul¬ tiplicity of hills lurrounding the harbour, till the whole rung again with founds that almoft petrified the blood of the brig’s crew and my new fervants.” Mr. Cartwright returned to England at the latter end of the year 1773. He made afterwards four other voyages of commercial ('peculation to the fame coalls, and was always well re¬ ceived by the natives. He publilhed his entertaining Journal in 1793, in 3 vols. ^to. The coaft of Labrador ex¬ tends from lat. 50. 30. to62. 30. N. I on. 55. 30. to 78. 30. W.
LABRADC'R, a large lake which, by its numerous branches, forms a water-communication through great part of the illand of Cape Breton. In fome maps it is called St. Peter’s Lake.
LABRADO'R STONE. See Feldfpatum, under the ar¬ ticle Mineralogy.
LABRADO'R TEA, in botany. See Ledum.
LABRIT', a town of France,, in the department of the Landes, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of Mont-de-Marfan. The place contains 584, and the can¬ ton 4401, inhabitants, on a territory of 497^ kiliometres, in nine communes.
LABRO'SE
12 _ L A B
LABRO'SE, ad). [from tabra, Span.] Having full lips; having a brink. Bailey.
LABROSUL'CIUM, f. [Latin.] A canker in the lips. Phillips.
LA'BRUM,/! [Latin.] A bathing-tub ; the edge of a ditch or river; a lip. Phillips.
LA'BRUM VEN'ERIS. See Dipsacus.
LA'BRUS,yi [from o?, Gr. voracious; or from la- brum, Lat. a lip, on account of the thicknefs of the lips.] In ichthyology, a gen us of thoracic fifhes, the characters of which are — Lips very thick, the lip-bones concealed, ■the upper lip double and extenfile; a /lender fkin beyond each ray of the dorfal fin ; teeth /harp ; gill-coverts lcaly.
Thefe tithes in general have the upper jaw moveable, f’o that it can be protruded or drawn back; it confifts of two bones which join in the middle; each bone is pro¬ vided with an apophyfis, or procefs, at the place of junc¬ tion ; above this half-jaw appear, according to the fize of the mouth, two other thin bones, whofe narrow ends join in the middle, and their broad ends advance to the corners of the mouth ; they have no other tegument but the (kin, and no immediate connexion with the other bones. Artedius calls them external jaws-, but, as they do mot perform the functions of lips, and are very rarely fur- niflied with teeth, and furthermore as they touch neither the upper nor under jaw, this name cannot be proper for them. Neither can they be denominated lips, as Linnaeus would have it, for that name can be applied to fie/hy fub- ftances only, not bony. Dr. Walbaum, in his new edi¬ tion of Artedius, calls them whifkers ; but this gives the ■idea of fomething hairy. The only thing they can be compared to is the os hyoidcs in the human frame. Bloch calls them lip-bones, and him we have followed. Now, the fifhes of this tribe having thefe bones fhort and narrow, and concealed by broad thick lips, bones thus covered are taken by Bloch to form the generic charafter; fome other fifii indeed have this peculiarity, but they are fufficiently diftingui/hed by other marks. The fi/hes of this genus have a lengthened body, a blunt fnout, the head fome- times partly covered with fcales, fometimes quite bare ; the fcales are thin and oval, like thofe of ferpents ; the lateral line is much curved in the back part in fome fpe- cies, in others it breaks off, and in fome it is quite ftraight. The fins are rounded in rnoft of the fpecies, though fome have them pointed. They have feven fins, of which the dorfal is very long, and the membrane is continued be¬ yond the end of each ray; this is the Linnaean generic character. They have beautiful colours ; and, the fpecies Being very numerous, fome are found in all parts of the world. They are predaceous, feeking the /hallows and rocky bottoms of the feas contiguous to the boldeft /hores; and thence their fle(h is firm and wholefome. The Greek writers were acquainted with fix fpecies ; Bloch reckons up no lefs than m, which he divides into thofe with fwallow-tails, crefcent-tails, and rounded tails ; which laft, being very numerous, he agains fubdivides into thofe which have fcales on the head, and thofe which have not. Cepede has divided the Labri into no lefs than feven ge¬ nera ; Labrus, Hiatula, Olphronemus, Cheilinus, Lutja- nus, Trichopodus, and Cheilodipterus ; to which may be added Gomphofus and Monodaftylus, by which he has defignated fome fpecies very nearly refembling the Labri. All thefe we /hall, in conformity with our ufual plan, re- ffore to their places according to the Gmelinian fyftem, inferting the recently-difcovered kinds in their proper places.
I. Tail divided; forked or crefsent-Jhaped.
i. Labrus Brafilienfis, the Brafilian wraffe. Specific cha¬ racter, ltripes on the dorfal and anal fin. There are n rays in the peftoral fin, A in the ventral, in the anal,
1 8 in the tail, and in the dorfal. The upper figures in the fraction-like form denote the number of fpinous rays i,n each fin.
The head is without fcales, Hoping, and ornamented
R U S.
with vermicular lines or ltripes of blue upon a gold ground, which are continued all down the back. The mouth is fmall, the jaws of equal length, with two canine teeth in the upper, and four in the lower, and a row of little iharp teeth along the tides. The noftrils are dou¬ ble, and near the eyes; the pupil is black, irides dark red, and light blue. The lateral line is arched parallel with the back, and nearer to it than to the belly ; the anus is nearer the head than the tail. The fcales are large and fmooth. The foft rays of the fins are ramified, except of the dorfal and anal, which are only dichotomous. Gold is the prevailing colour in this fifli, on which the blue lines and fpots have a fine effeft. The dorfal and ana! fins are yellow, with each three blue ftripes ; the other fins are entirely blue. This beautiful fifli is found in the waters of Brafil ; its length is not more than ten inches according to Marcgrave ; but prince Maurice fays it grows to the fize of the carp. It lives on prey, bites at a hook, and is excellent food. Cepede places this and the third fpecies in his third divifion, fuppofing the tail to be tri- lobated.
2. Labrus lunaris, the lunated wraffe: body purple, and eight fpines in the dorfal fin. There are 5 rays in the membrane of the gills, 17 in the pedloral fin, 6 in the ventral, 13 in the anal, 14 in the tail, 21 in the dorfal. The head is fmall, compreffed, without fcales, furniflied with a great number of pituitous pores ; there is one row of fmall Iharp teeth, of which the back ones are the long¬ ed ; the tongue and palate are fmooth, but there are bones in the gullet armed with flat teeth. The eyes are fmall, pupil blue, iris lil very, and a niftating membrane ; the nof¬ trils are clofe to the eyes. The poiterior operculum ter¬ minates in a blunt point, and confifts of two fmall laminae ; under the anterior one is found the Jingle gill-, concerning which peculiarity, fee the article Ichthyology, vol. x. p. 736. The body is oblong, and covered with fmooth fcales. The anus is nearer the head than the tail ; the lateral line makes an abrupt bend at the end of the dor¬ fal fin ; it appears fplit in three upon every fcale. The foft rays of the fins are moftly four-branched, and the fpiny ones jagged. The head and dorfal fin are dark blue; the lower parts are lighter; the peftoral fins are yellow at the bafe, and afterwards dark blue, the dorfal fin is edged with white above and below. Inhabits South America and India.
3. Labrus viridis vittatus, the green ftriped wraffe : the beautiful green colour which pervades this fi(h, and eight fpines in the dorfal fin, form the fpecific character. The pectoral fin has 12 rays, the ventral 6, the anal 13, the tail 14, the dorfal 28. The head is fmall, compreffed, void of fcales, and ornamented with green ftripes. Mouth as in the preceding. The noftrils are double, and near the eyes. The eyes have a black pupil, and golden iris. The body is narrow, compreffed, and covered with large fmooth fcales, edged with yellow and green. The lateral line goes ftraight with the back, and is curved towards the end. The back is carinated, the belly thin, the anus in the middle of the body. The dorfal and anal fins are yel¬ low, with a green edgingat top and bottom: the others are yellow in the middle, and green at the extremities. This fpecies is from Japan ; it grows a foot long. We have given it the name of viridis vittatus, to diftinguifh it from Linnaeus’s Labrus viridis, which has a rounded tail, and inhabits the Mediterranean. The prefent fpecies is from Bloch.
4. Labrus bifaciatus, the two-handed wrafte : two brown tranfverfe ftripes on the body. The membrane of the gills has five rays, the peftoral fin 12, the ventral 6, the anal 14, the tail 13, the dorfal 21. The head is void of fcales, containing a number of minute apertures which leparate a vifcous liquor. The teeth are clofe together, and the front ones are the largeft. The eyes are fmall; the pupil is red, the iris green. The palate and tongue fmooth, but there are pearl-lhaped teeth in the gullet. The body is long; the fcales broad, thin, and fmooth. The lateral
is
LAB
line is very near the back, then drops aim oft perpendi¬ cularly into the middle of the tail. The head is reddilh; the body grey, with two broad llripes of brown at the front part ; tail forked, the bafe and outer forks grey, the middle bluifli. The bread: is white; the peftoral and ven¬ tral fins are yellow ; the anal and dorfal reddifh, bordered with light blue. This fpecies is from the Eaft Indies.
5. Labrus trichopterus, the brittle-finned wrafle : ven¬ tral fin with briltly rays. The membrane of the gills has 4 rays, the peiforal fin 10, the ventral 3, the anal 44, the tail 16, and the dorfal 14. Pallas gives the ventral fin but one ray, and makes that the fpecific character. The head and mouth are fmall ; the lips ftrong, and the jaws of equal length armed with fmall teeth ; the noftrils are double, the front pair furnifhdd with a membrane to dole them. The eyes have a golden iris furrounding a black pupil. The body is broad and thin ; the back is rounded in the front part, but carinated back, as is the belly, which is very fhort, fo that the anus is near the head. On the Tides is a blackifh oblong fpot, anti another on the tail. The lateral line makes a ftrong inflection at the end of the peftoral fin. The fcales are very fmall, hard, and fer- rated. The dorfal fin is very fhort, and the anal remark¬ ably long ; the long ray of the ventral is made up of joints like the antennae of beetles ; this ray is long as the whole body, and probably ferves the fifli as a line to angle for young fry, who may miftake it for a worm. The back is brown ; the reft of the body pale blue varied with yellow. The tail-fin is crefcent fhaped, (Cepede fays forked,) co¬ vered with yellow fpots, as the anal is in part ; the pec¬ torals are bluifh. This fpecies is from Japan.
6. Labrus monodadylus, the one-fingered labrus : the ventral fin confifting of one fmall fpiny ray, hardly vifi- ble; dorfal and anal falcated, tail crefcent-lhaped. The membrane of the gills has feven rays, the dorfal fin 33, the pectorals 17, ventrals 1, anal -^. This is from Com- merfon, and made adiftinfil genus (Monodaftylus) by Ce¬ pede. The dorfal and anal fins are nearly equal in extent, almoft reaching to the tail fin. The anus is juft oppofite the pefitoral fins, which are pointed. The lateral line runs near the back, and follows its curvature. The gill-covert is in two pieces, the hinder one irregularly fringed. The eyes are large ; the mouth fmall ; the upper jaw in a femi- circular form, furnifhed with fhort fliarp teeth clofe fet ; it is extenfile alfo, and covers the lower. The tongue is broad, rounded in front, narrow at the rims, almoft en¬ tirely rough; the noftrils are double. The body and tail are much comprefied, covered with fmall round fmooth fcales ; fcales l'maller ftill appear on the bafe of the dorfal and anal fins. Prevailing colour filver, with brown tints on the back, as well as on the anterior part of the anal, dorfal, and pefforal, fins, though thefe are lometimes flefh- colour. Length, ten inches.
7. Labrus melagafter, the black-bellied wrafle : fcales on the front operculum. The membrane of the gills lias five rays, the pebloral fin 12, the ventral 6, the anal 10, the tail 19, and the dorfal 25. The head is fhort, declining, and comprefied ; the mouth is very fmall, and the teeth fo minute as to be hardly perceptible ; jaws nearly equal. The noftrils are fingle, and near the eyes. The eyes are large, high in the head, with a black pupil and golden iris. The pofterior operculum is compofed of two equal laminae; the under furface of the anterior one exhibits the fingle gill. The gills have a very wide aperture, and the membrane is covered in part. The trunk is broad and thin 5 the fcales are broad, fmooth, and round, black on the belly, which is very uncommon ; on the other parts chocolate-colour, edged with brown and black ; they form a furrow on the back and at the anus, and cover part of the tail-fin alfo. The lateral line is interrupted. The fins are black, ending fliarp; the peftorals and ventrals are peculiarly long. This fpecies is from Surinam.
8. Labrus melapterus, the foft-finned wrafle: all the rays of the fins foft except the firft of the ventral. The peftoral fin has 12 rays, the ventral £, the anal 12, the tail
Vol. XII. No. 807.
R U S.
16, the dorfal 20. The body is narrow and comprefied, and there are no fcales on the head ; the aperture of the mouth is fmall ; the jaws of equal length, with a fingle row of fmall fliarp teeth, of which tliofe in front of the upper jaw are larger than the reft. The noftrils are fin¬ gle. The eye coniifts of a black pupil and yellow iris. The front operculum is made up of feveral finall lamina; ; the hinder one terminates in a blunt point. The fcales are broad and fmooth ; the anus is in the middle of the body. The fifli is white, towards the back inclining to blue; the fins are yellow tliaded with blue ; there are five dark-coloured fpots on the body. Native of Japan.
9. Labrus rufus, the rufous wrafle : tail-fin lunate, body entirely tawny. There are 23 rays in the dorfal fin, 17 in the pectorals, 6 in the ventrals, 12 iri the anal, 16 in the tail. This fpecies inhabits North America; grows to a foot or more in length. The lower jaw is longer than the upper ; the front teeth of the upper jaw are longer than the reft.
10. Labrus Zeylanicus, the Ceylon wrafle : tail lunate, body green above, pale purple beneath. This fpecies in¬ habits Ceylon ; one foot and a half long ; fieth good. Head blue; gill-coverts green with purple lines ; pefloral fins with a purple fpot in the middle, and edged with fine blue ; ventral blue; dorfal and anal bluifh purple, edged with green ; tail yellow in the middle, each fide Itreaked with red, blue at the bafe.
11. Labrus femi-ruber, the red-and-yellow wrafle: iz fpiny and 11 articulated rays in the dorfal fin, the fixth articulated ray mucli longer than the reft ; four teeth larger than the reft in the upper jaw ; the anterior part cf the body red, the pofterior yellow. There are 5 rays in the membrane of the gills, 16 in the pefiorals and anal, 6 in the ventrals, 14 in the tail. This was firft obferved by Commerfon in June 1767, in the fifh-market at St. Salva¬ dor, the capital of Bralil. It has fcales on the bale of the dorlal and anal fins.
12. Labrus tetracanthus, the four- fpined wrafle : 4 fpines and 21 jointed rays in the dorfal fin; the upper lip broad, thick, and wrinkled ; three rows of black dots on the dor¬ fal fin, one row on the anal; tail femilunar; 18 rays in the anal fin, which, as well as the foft rays of the dorfal, end in filaments. Its country is not known ; the account was taken from a fpecimen preferved in fpirits belonging to a collection brought from Holland to Paris during the late war. Befides the four rows of fmall black fpots on each fide mentioned above, fimilar ones appear on the tail-fin.
13. Labrus femi-difeus, the femicircular wrafle: 21 rays in the dorfal fin, that and the anal fringed ; 19 tranf- verfe llripes on each fide; a light femicircular fpot at the end of the tail-fin, which is crefcent-ftiaped. Fourteen rays in the anal fin, 13 in the caudal. This fpecies and the two following, taken from Commerfon’s manuferipts, inhabit the great Indian Gulf, and the Teas which run into it. Jaws nearly equal in this and the following.
14. Labrus doliatus, the encircled wrafle: 9 fpiny and 13 articulated rays in the dorfal fin; tail femilunar; 20 tranfverfe llripes on each fide encircling the animal ; oper- cula not fcaly in this and the preceding. There are 14 rays in the anal fin, 11 in the caudal.
15. Labrus hirfutus, the prickly wrafle: 11 hard and 12 foft rays in the dorfal fin, 6 large teeth in the upper jaw; the lateral line prickly; 12 longitudinal ftripes on each fide, 4 more on the neck ; back dotted. The anal and tail fins have 13 rays each. A thick tranfverfe ftripe acrols the tail.
16. Labrus fcarus, the doubtful wrafle: tranfverfe ap¬
pendages at the fides of the tail. This is Gmelin’s firft: lpecies, and has its name from being fomewhat fimilar to the Scarus genus, which immediately precedes the Labrus in that (yftem. Cepede has placed this and the following in a feparate genus, Cheilinus, from Gr. a lip, to
denote a certain fimilarity with the Labrus, which figni- fiss the fame. We have therefore called it the doubtful wrajfe. It inhabits the coarts of Greece, and was greatly
E . eiteemed
14
L A B
eiteemed and' fought after by the earlieft civilized people of Europe ; it is found alfo in the Mediterranean, Sicily, and all the Grecian ifles. Its colour is vvhitifli, or livid mixed with red ; grows eight or ten inches long. The fcales are large, and very tranfparent; teeth blunt, fit for grinding the plants and weeds it tears from the rocks ; and this food it prefers to all other; a remarkable circum- ltance, which made ancient writers compare it to the ru¬ minating animals among quadrupeds; and home have gone fo far as to fay that it really chews the cud, and hence, according to Ariftotle, the Greeks called it fxr^vxav, the ruminating fifli. They go in fhoals. The Greek poet Oppian has lung their mutual affeftion, faying, that, when one is caught by a hook, one of his companions cuts the line for him to efcape ; he adds, that if one of them is enclofed in a net, and endeavours to efcape tail foremoil, feVeral of them will aflift him by taking hold of his tail in their mouths; and particularly, that, when a female is caught, the males will expofe themfelves to the greateft dangers to effefl her liberation. In the earl ielt times of our vulgar era, this fifii was known in the Ar¬ chipelago and lea then called the Carpathian, as far as the fir ft promontory of the Troacl ; from this place, in the time of Tiberius Claudius, a Roman admiral, called Op- tatus Elipertius, brought feveral of them alive, and put them in the lea along the fhores of Oltia and Campania. In five years, by adhering to the fimple precaution of al¬ ways throwing them back into the water when caught among other fifii, they became very plentiful along the Italian coails, where before they had never been feen. This fact is not uninterefting, inafmuch as it may ferve as a hint for the breeding, preferving, and multiplying, of fcarce fpecies of filh. Philoponus, the commentator of Ariftotle towards the end of the fixth or beginning of the feventh century, remarked, that this fifii produced a cer¬ tain found or noife, when, its head being above the fur- face, it fpouted the water brifkly out of its mouth. The Trigla and fome other fifin have been obferved to make a ruffling noife in certain fituations, and doubtlefs from the fame caufe, the aflion of the air. In the days of Roman luxury, this fifii was in great requeft. Martial tells us, that it was reckoned a delicacy at the moll fump- tuous tables ; that the liver was moll efteemed ; but that they ate the inteftines without cleaning them ; at which we need not fo much wonder (fince this animal feeds only on vegetables) as at modern gluttons who eat without cleaning fome forts of birds, called game, which are known to feed upon animal fubftances liable to real corruption. In the time of Rondeletius, this fifii, and its inteftines alfo, were ftill much relifhed ; he writes that it may be confidered as the firft among rock-fifh ; that the flefli is light, friable, eafy of digeftion, and pleafant to the tafte ; and that the bowels, which finould by no means be thrown away, fmell like violets. But the price paid for it at that time was much below what was given at ancient Rome in the time of Pliny ; it made a part of a dilh in which the rareft delicacies were combined, ferved up to the em¬ peror Viteliius in a veil'd, which from its fize was called Minerva’s fliield ; here the inteftines of the fcarus were mingled with the brains of pheafants and peacocks, the tongues of flamingos, and the roes of the muraena. This fifii will feed alfo upon land-plants, or vegetables; it is of¬ ten caught with a bait of a bean or pea leaf, &c.
17. Labrus Cretenfis, the Grecian wrafle: the dorfal fin without fpiny rays, body greenifli, teeth 4. There are four rays in the membrane of the gills, 16 in the pectoral fin, 6 in the ventral, 11 in the anal, 18 in the tail, and 20 in the dorfal. The head is large, Hoping, and covered with fcales; the lips are thick, the jaws ferrated ; near the corner of the mouth there are three recurved fpines, by means of which the fifii when hooked becomes more lately fecured. The noftrils are round, fmall, fingle, and near the eyes. The gills have a very wide aperture, and the membrane is partly concealed. The fcales are very large, and imbricated or furrowed. The lateral line originates
R U S.
from the upper part of the operculum, keeps near the back, and marks every fcale it pafies over with from three to fix Itreaks of dark brown. The anus is in the middle of the body. The back and head are dark green, the fides lighter, the belly yellow. The fins are yellow, but green at the extremities. The pupil of the eye is black ; the irides are double, white and green. The fins have ftrong rays, but not fpiny, and are ramified ; the ventral fins are farther from the head than the pefilorals. The idea that this filh is found in the waters of Greece has no other foundation than the name of Cretenfis given it by Aldrovandus; it is placed among the fifties of India by Renard, Bloch, See.
18. Labrus anthias, the gruntling wrafle : the fecond fpine of the dorfal fin is long; body reddilh. There are five rays in the membrane of the gills, 40 in the pectoral fin, i in the ventral, | in the anal, 13 in the tail, in the dorfal. The head is fliort, comprefled, and covered with fcales. The mouth opens upwards ; the under jaw is fomewhat longer than the upper, each armed with a row of fharp teeth, bent back, and Handing apart, the in¬ tervals filled with fliort teeth very clofe like pins. The tongue is fmooth ; but the throat is exafperated by two bones rough like a file. The noftrils are fingle, and near the eyes ; the pupil of the eye is black, the iris gold-co¬ lour. The bones of the lips are broad, and iurniflied with fmall fcales : the front operculum is ferrated, and the branchial membrance is partly loole. The body is narrow ; the lateral line runs near the back, but is inter¬ rupted at the end of the dorfal fin ; and the anus is nearer the tail than the head. The fins are in general long, ef- pecially thofe of the anus and tail, and all end in a point, but the tail is bifurcated ; the foft rays are ramified. The long fpine in”the dorfal fin has fome faint refemblance to a razor, and has gained this filh the name, among others, of the barber. A pale red tint {hades the hard filvery fcales. From fome peculiarities in conformation, Gme- lin fuppofes this may belong to the Perea genus ; but Bloch has placed it at the head of a genus of his own for¬ mation, Anthias, the gruntling. Cepede derives anthias from avGo?, a flower, on account of its beauty ; with this the names given it by the ancients agree. It was called alfo the facred jijh ; and it was faid that no noxious animal would be found in the fame w'aters; therefore bathers and divers might fafely defeend to the bottom of the fea wherever this privileged animal reforled. This fifii haunts the Mediterranean ; as the Greek/writers have given deferiptions of it in detail, it mull be common in the wa¬ ters of Greece. According to Ariftotle and Pliny, it is of the gregarious kind. Oppian fays it keeps in the fea between rocks, and only comes out to feek for its food, which conlifis of young fifii, particularly fliell-fifli ; this writer alfo gives a long account of the manner of catch¬ ing them ; wolf’s flefli is a good bait ; from his deferip- tion of the fifliery, and the comparifon which Elian makes of it with the tunny, it mull attain to a confidera- ble fize. It is faid to be very voracious. From its not being able to bite the line in two, Oppian was led to con¬ clude it bad no teeth ; but the want of llrength in the teeth was the only reafon ; they are like a fmall file.
19. Labrus hepatus, the hepatus: lower jaw the longeft, tranfverfe black lines on each fide the body. The dorfal fin has rays, pedtorals 13, ventrals 6, anal 9. The fnout is pointed, teeth fmall ; a triangular fpace in the palate is rough with fmall afperities. There is a black ipot on the dorfal fin behind the fpinous rays. It inha¬ bits the Mediterranean, and fome rivers which run into the Adriatic.
20. Labrus grifeus, the grey wrafle: tail femilunar, but very little hollowed out; body pale grey. Inhabits North America ; Catelby has figured it without pefloral fins.
21. Labrus catenula, the beaded wrafle : lower jaw longeft, eight rows of little round fpots like beads on each fide the body; two ftripes acrofs the hind head; the back raifed ; ^ rays in the dorfal fin ; fix large teeth in the
1 upper '
LAB
upper jaw. Tills and the following were firft made known by Commerfcn, and are defcribed from his MSS. for he left toothers the care of publilhinghis valuable difcoveries. They are found in the great Indian Gulf, and the feas communicating therewith.
22. Labrus longiroftris, the long-nofed wrafle : fnout very long ; operculum double, not fcaly. There are ~9 rays in the dorfal fin, yL in the anal. There are four or five longitudinal (tripes, and three or four rows of very fmall lpots, diltant from each other, on each fide the body ; in this refpeCt refembling the preceding.
23. Labrus Thunberg, Thunberg’s wrafle : the rays of the dorfal fin reaching beyond the membrane; the lower jaw rather the longelt ; the bending of the back and belly leflens at the end of the dorfal and anal fins. There are 6 rays in the membrance of the gills ; the dorfal fin has 12 fpines and 11 flexible rays, peCtoral fins 15, ven- trals 6, anal 11, tail 19. Four teeth in each jaw larger than the reft ; fcales brown edged with white. Found at Japan by Thunberg, who called it a Scisena, on account of the dorfal rays reaching beyond the membrane; but, not having fcales on the head, it cannot belong to that genus. It is a doubtful fpecies. Cepede has placed it here.
24. Labrus gallus, the poifonous wrafle : tail-fin fork¬ ed, but truncate in the middle; violet lines at the bafe of the dorfal and anal; lower lip with a doubling on each fide. The membrane of the gills has 5 rays, the dorfal -/y, peCt orals 14, ventrals 6, anal 3 fpines, 14 or 15 rays in all, the caudal 15 rays. Eyes remote, iris green, the edge of the pupil red ; teeth in one row, the middle ones larger and remote, the reft contiguous ; lateral line a little branched, bent downwards near the end of the dorfal fin ; peCtoral fins oval, blue, the middle violet ; ventral blue, the fecond ray ending in a long thread ; dorfal and anal blue at the outer edge ; tail yellow in the middle, violet towards the fides, and edged with blue. Inhabits Arabia, and is accounted poifonous; body dulky-green with vio¬ let lines all over the body ; belly with two blue ftripes, and a green one in the middle ; fcales lax, ftriate, mem¬ branaceous at the edge, and marked with a tranl’verfe pur¬ ple band. Forfkal firft obferved this fifh, and placed it, and the three following, in the Scarus genus ; Cepede has it in a genus of his own creating, Ofphronemus, of which the character is, the firft ray of the ventral fin .fpi¬ nous, the i’econd a long filament.
25. Labrus purpureus, the purple wrafle: caudal fin truncate in the middle; dorfal and anal with a longitudi¬ nal purple reflected ftripe at the bafe. The dorfal fin has
rays, peCtorais 1 5, ventrals 6, anal 14, tail 12. Crown convex, naked, brown, with a purple triangle each fide before the eyes ; eyes fmall, remote, iris purple ; lips ob- tufe, equal, the upper protractile ; teeth ftrong, in one row', the tw’o middle ones larger, remote ; before the tranfverfe noftriis a round foramen with a cirrhus ; gill- coverts naked, with a fquare purple lpot at the hinder edge of the pofterior; peCloral and dorfal fins green, the tip of the former with a large lunar black lpot; anal and ventrals blue ; tail green, with purple fpots; lateral line branched. Inhabits Arabia; one foot and a half long; body lance- truncate, duiky-green with three purple ftripes each fide, beneath blue ; fcales broad rhombic, ftriate, loofely im¬ bricate ; fle(h good.
26. Labrus plittacus, the green-and-purple wrafle : tail truncate in the middle ; edge of the fins, abdominal ftripe, and marks on the head, blue. The membrane of the gills has 5 rays, dorfal fin 20, pectorals 13, ventrals 6, anal 10, tail 12 ; no fpinous rays in the fins of this and the following. Inhabits Arabia ; body green- i(h, with yellowifh lines ; fcales ftriate. Eyes fmall, re¬ mote ; jaws of tw’o bones, the lower with one tooth each fide, upper three ; gill-covert with loofe fcales; lateral line (lightly branched, double, the firft near the back, the other in the middle ; fins purple.
27. Labrus niger, the black wrafle: tail truncate in the middle; a dulky-green longitudinal ltripe down the chin.
R U S. 13
Five rays in the membrane of the gills, 20 in the dorfal fin, 14 in each peCtoral, 6 in each ventral, 12 in the anal, and 13 iii the tail. Inhabits Arabia. Body dark brown; head with greenilh-browm lines ; jaws, which are bifid, blotches on the head, and outer edge of the fins, blue- green ; lips edged with red, then green i(h brown ; teeth in the upper jaw two, canine, white, and many (mailer within. Fins violet-brown; peCtorais obfcure, ferruginous,-, brown at the bafe ; tail greenifli, the angles lanceolate. Lateral line double, ramentaceous ; opercula fcaly,. as in the Sciasna.
28. Labrus chanus, the ruffed wrafle : head with three bluifh rivulets on each fide, a fquare blue fpot under each eye. Ten fpinous, 25 in all, rays in the dorfal fin, 15 in each peCtoral, 6 in each ventral, -j% in the anal, amt 17 in the caudal. Found by Foriical at Conftantinople. Above brown ; beneath white. Lower jaw longer than the upper; between the eyes are two furrows, diverging behind ; anteriorgill-coverts ferrate behind, pofterior three¬ toothed. PeCtoral, ventral, and anal, fins yellow; dorfal and caudal fpotted with red.
29. Labrus operculatus, the brown-patch wi;affe : 10 brown bands round the body ; a brown fpot or patch on each operculum. The dorfal fin has rays, each peCto¬ ral 16, ventrals 6, the anal caudal 16. Inhabits Alia, efpecially the great Indian Gulf. It has feveral little black fpots on the back part of the head.
30. Labrus auritus, the eared wrafle : the gill-coverts lengthened out into the ftiape of fins, by means of a long obtufe black membrane. The rays are, in the dorfal fin; 15 in the peCtorais, 6 in the ventrals, in the anal, 17 in the caudal. This and the following are found both in the frefti and fait waters of North Ame¬ rica. Iris yellow ; tail bilobated. Defcribed by Dr. Garden.
31. Labrus falcatus, the fickle-finned labrus: dorfal and anal fins falcate; the five firft rays unarmed. The dorfal fin has rays, the peCtorais have 17 each, the ven¬ trals five, the anal and the caudal 20. Teeth lharp 5 colour filvery; ventral fins fmall.
32. Labrus oyena, the oyena: body filvery like the pre¬ ceding; from two to five of the firft rays of the dorfal fin nearly unarmed. The dorfal fin has rays, the peCto¬ rais 15, the ventrals the anal the tail 16. In¬ habits the fandy (bores of Arabia; above fix inches long. Body oblong ; belly ftraight ; fometimes painted with red interrupted ftripes. Lips equal, the upper pro¬ tractile ; teeth numerous, very fliort ; lateral line nearer the back, and nearly parallel ; tail two-lobed, the lobes lan¬ ceolate ; fins glaucous.
33. Labrus gomphofus, the nail-fnouted labrus : fnout
lengthened out like a nail or pin ; colour entirely blue. There are fix rays in the membrane of the gills, in the dorfal fin, 14 in the peCtorais, fix in each ventral, (the fecond ray lengthened into a filament,) —■ in the anal, and 14 in the tail, which is deeply lunated. Com- merfon has defcribed this fifh in his manufcripts under the name of Elops, which, being already appropriated to a genus of abdominal fifties, Cepede has changed to Gom- phofis, each of them (yop c; and exprefling the ftiape
of the fnout. It is ot the fize of a tench ; its whole fur- face is blue without any fpot, fomewdiat darker on the peCtoral fins, but very light on the reft. The eye has different (hades of blue; the pupil is enclofed in a white circle, round which runs the iris, which is of a bright emerald or aqua marina. The back is fomewhat arched ; the belly more fo. The muzzle is about a feventh part of the total length ; it is fomewhat like a hog’s fnout at the end; the upper jaw is moveable, and fometimes rather the iongeft ; but (till the orifice of the mouth, which is fmall, forms a kind of tube. Each jaw- confifts of one bone, furnifhed with a (ingle row of teeth very fmall and clofe together ; the two front teeth of the upper jaw are longer than the reft; the palate, &c. are fmooth, and the infide of the mouth is. of a bluiflt colour. The eyes are * very
16
LAB
very fmall, and near the noftrils ; the noftrils are double. The head and opercula are free from fcales ; each -opercu¬ lum is in two pieces, the hinder piece is pointed towards the tail, and is partly bordered with a membrane. The fpines of the dorfal fin are (horter than the articulated rays. The lateral line runs near the back as far as the end of the dorfal fin, where it bends and goes into the middle of the tail-fin ; the line is made up of a number of little ftrokes obl'curely reprefenting Chinefe characters. The fcales are broad, and marked with lines as if chan¬ nelled.
There is a variety found by Commerfon at Otaheite, which Cepede makes a feparate fpecies; it differs in hav¬ ing a bright and agreeable mixture of yellow and red with the blue.
34.. Labrus jaculatrix, the archer: the dorfal fin far from the neck ; ventral fins united by a membrane ; the lower ■jaw the longelt ; five tranfverfe ftripes on the body. There are rays in the dorfal fin, 12. in the peftorals, 6 in the ventrals, in the anal, 17 in the tail. Found in Afia, chiefly in the Indian Gulf; colour gold- yellow. This is defcribed in the 57th volume of the Phil. Tranf.
35. Labrus furca, the forked wrafle: rays in the
dorfal fin, the laft ray of the dorfal and anal fins very long; tail deeply forked; lower jaw the longelt, teeth mi¬ nute; rays in the anal fin. This and the 15 follow¬ ing fpecies are added to this divifion by Cepede, chiefly from Commerfon’s manufcripts. This and the nine fol¬ lowing are found in the great Indian Gulf, in the ocean between New Holland and the continent of America, and on the fouth-eaft coaft of Africa and at Madagafcar. The fpecific character defcribes this fifli fo completely, that nothing need be added.
36. Labi us fex-fafciatus, the fix-banded wrafle : A|- rays ■in the dorfal fin ; fnout long, mouth fmall, lower jaw longelt ; fix tranfverfe Itripes ; tail forked. There are 12 rays in each perioral fin, 10 in the anal.
37. Labrus macrogaiter, the big-bellied wrafle: i-| rays in the dorfal fin; the belly very large; head and opercula Jcaly like the back ; tail crefcent-lhaped ; fix tranfverfe Itripes, as in the preceding. Ten rays in each perioral fin, ,14 in the anal, 11 in the tail. Teeth very Ihort ; lateral line interrupted.
38. Labrus filamentofus, the filamentous wrafle: 15 fpines each ending in a filament, and 9 articulated rays, in the dorfal fin; 15 rays in the tail-fin; the aperture of the mouth a vertical femicircle ; four or five tranfverfe itripes on the back. Teeth very (liort and even.
39. Labrus angulofus, the angular wrafle: 12 fpines and 9 articulated rays in the dorfal fin, the articulated rays much longer than the fpinous; lips broad and thick; lines and dots on the firlt piece of the operculum like net-work, the fecond piece furrowed and cornered ; five or fix longitudinal rows of little points on each fide. There are 6 or 7 diftinri rays in each perioral fin, 3 fpines and 6 articulated rays in the anal, 14 rays in the caudal. The teeth are very fmall ; a dark fpot and 5 or 6 white points on each fide the dorfal fin.
40. Labrus ofto-vittatus, the eight-ltriped wrafle : !-*■ rays in the dorfal fin, ^ in the anal ; tail femilunar; teeth much longer in the upper jaw; the hinder piece of the gill-covert angular ; four oblique Itripes on each fide. The dorfal fin is edged with black or brown.
41. Labrus punriulatus, the punriulated wrafle: dorfal fin very long, with 513 fpines; dorfal, anal, and ventral, fins, fearp ; caudal femilunar, with 12 or 1 3 rays; lower jaw the longeft, mouth very large; five or fix large teeth "in the lower jaw, and two in the upper; little round fpots all over the body.
42. Labrus Commerfonii, Commerfon’s wrafle: rays
in the dorfal fin; teeth nearly equal in both jaws; rays in the anal fin ; back and much of the tides belpread jjvith little round equal . fpots, as in the preceding.
II u s.
43. Labrus laevxs, the fmooth wrafle: if rays in the dorfal fin; the lower jaw longer than the upper; teeth large, recurved, equal ; lateral line almoft ftraight ; tail a little crefcent-lhaped; fcales hardly vifible ; five large fpots or bands.
44. Labrus macropterus, the large-finned wrafle : 20 rays in the dorfal fin, 21 in the anal ; molt of thefe rays long and thready ; tail-fin femicircular ; a black fpot on the hinder angle of the opercula, which, and the head, are fealy like the back.
43. Labrus 1 5-aculeatus, the 15-fpined wrafle: -if rays in the dorfal fin, 3 in the anal ; 12 in the tail ; the up¬ per jaw longeft ; teeth fmall and equal ; gill-covert an¬ gular ; fix tranfverfe ftripes on the back and neck. This and the following probably inhabit the great Indian Gulf, and about the South-Sea iflands. The lateral line is in¬ terrupted.
46. Labrus macrocephalus, the great-headed wrafle : rays in the dorfal fin ; -ji in the anal ; the head large, nape and (pace between the eyes much railed; the lower jaw the longeft ; teeth hooked, equal, (landing apart ; tail-fin in two rounded lobes, and with a light border; pectorals trapezium-fhaped.
47. Labrus Plumierii, Plumier’s wrafle: rays in the
dorfal fin, -jL in the anal, blue ftripes on the head ; body filvery fpotted with blue and gold ; fins gold-colour ; a tranfverfe crooked ftripe on the caudal ; 6 or 7 rays in the membrane of the gills. Inhabits America ; lateral line gold-colour. On the whole, this is a beautiful fpe¬ cies. Defcribed from Plumier’s manufcripts.
48. Labrus Gouanii, Gouan’s wrafle : rays in the dor¬
fal fin ; the anal; gill-covert in three pieces, not fealy like the back, terminating inabroad rounded prolongation; lateral line very faint ; a pointed appendage between the ventrals; tail femilunar. Its country is unknown, this and the following being part of a Dutch collection given (fays Cepede) to France. The teeth are hooked, largelt in front.
49. Labrus enacanthus, the nine-fpined wrafle: rays
in the dorfal fin ; lateral line interrupted ; fix tranfverfe ftripes on the body, and two on the caudal fin, which is femilunar ; two or three large, ftrong, hooked, teeth at the extremity of each jaw ; fcales large.
50. Labrus rubo-lineatus, the red-lined wrafle £§ rays in the dorfal fin, in the anal ; four long teeth in each jaw, ftanding apart ; the upper jaw rather longeft ; eleven or twelve thin longitudinal red ftripes on each fide ; an ocellated fpot at the origin of the dorfal, and another at the bafe of the tail-fin, which is a little crelcent-fhaped. Inhabits the quickfands and coral rocks about the ides of Madagafcar and Reunion; defcribed by Commerfon in his Latin MS. The lateral line is ramified or fprigged. Colour brown ; fins flefli-colour.
51. Labrus pavo, the peacock wrafle : body varied with blue, green, red, and hoary. There are 5 rays in the membrane of the gills, 31 in the dorfal fin, 14 in the pec¬ torals, 9 in the ventrals, 14 in the anal, 16 in the tail. This fpecies is placed by Cepede at the head of the fe¬ cond divifion with the tail-fin entire, but without deferib- ing that (in, whether ftraight, rounded, or lanceolated ; we have therefore left it where Gmelin has placed it, among thofe with forked tails. It inhabits the Mediter¬ ranean Sea, near Syria ; and is a moft beautiful fpecies. It exhibits almoft all the colours of the rainbow. The upper furface is green mingled with yellow, interfperfed with red and blue fpots of the brighteft hue; fpots of a fnnilar colour, hut (mailer, fparkle upon the opercula, and upon the anal and tail fins, which laft is violet, or ra¬ ther the colour of indigo ; the front of the dorfal is blue and purple ; on each fide of the body are two beautiful brown fpots ; the ventral fins are of a bright red. The body and tail are long and comprelfed; there is one row of teeth in the jaws ; the perioral fins are rounded ; the rays of the dorfal and anal fins are longer as they approach the tail. Length a foot or more.
II. Tail
LABRUS.
II. Tail entire, i. e. either Jlraight, rounded, or fpear-Jhaped.
52. Labrus hiatula, the gaping wrafle : no anal fin ; 6 or 7 black bands on the body. Cepede has made this a dif- tinfil genus, (Hiatula,) on account of its wanting the anal fin. It was firft oblerved at Carolina by Dr. Garden. The lips are retractile, w'rinkled within ; and the fpinous rays of the dorfal fin, towards the tail, are furnifhed with a long filament, as in moll of the genus ; the fimple rays equal. The teeth in the jaws are crooked and fliarp, thole in the palate orbicular. The dorfal is black in the pofte- rior part ; gill-coverts punftured at the edge. There are fix or feven tranfverfe black ftripes or bands on the body; the tail rectilinear.
53. Labrus marginalis, the tnarginated wrafle : body browniih ; edge or margin of the dorfal and pedtoral fins tawny. Country not known.
54. Labrus ferrugineus, the ferruginous wrafle : body ferruginous without fpots. Inhabits India.
55. Labrus ocellatus, the eye-tailed wrafle: dorfal fin filamentous; an eye-lhaped fpot at the middle of the bafe of the caudal. Country not*knowm.
56. Labrus melops, the melops : dorfal fin filamentous like the preceding, and wdth the anal variegated; a brown
emilunar fpot behind each eye. Inhabits the fouthern European feas.
57. Labrus Niloticus, the Egyptian wrafle: dorfal, anal, and caudal, fins clouded. Inhabits Egypt, chiefly the Nile. Brown, in his late Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria, defcribes it, “ like the white trout, but lometimes weighing 5olbs.” If he means the fhape of the tail to be like that filli , this fpecies fhould belong to the firft divifion.
58. Labrus lulcus, the blinking wrafl'e : all the fins yellow ; upper eyelid black. Prevailing colour yellow ; country unknown.
59. Labrus cinereus, the cinereous wrafle: body grey with darker fpots, a black fpot at the bafe of the tail. This is Gmelin’s 64th fpecies, labrus grifeus-, but, as there is al¬ ready a grifeus, the 5th fpecies, (our 20th,) we have fol¬ lowed Cepede in altering the fpecific name to cinereus. It inhabits the Mediterranean ; is three inches long ; oval compielfed. Cheeks with a few bluelines; iris green ; fiiouth fmall ; teeth final!, the fore-ones larger; fins red- riifli, with dulky -yellow fpots; tail yellowilli towards the bafe.
60. Labrus Cornubius, the gold-finny : a large black fpot near the tail ; firlt rays of the dorfal fin tinged with biack. It inhabits the Cornilh coafls, and is about a palm long; fimilar to the tench; fnout like a hog; tail ilraight.
61. Labrus mixtus", the yellow-and-blue labrus : body variegated with yellow and blue; front teeth largelt. The tapper furface is blue with brown and yellow fhades ; un¬ der part yellow. Inhabits the Mediterranean, coafls of Dalmatia ; refembles I,, pavo.
62. Labrus fulvus, the yellowilh wrafle : body tawny, tail convex. Inhabits North America. The aperture of the mouth is large, with three or four large teeth at the extre¬ mity of the upper jaw, and fome fmall ones in the palate; the lower jaw the longed, and furnifhed with a row of fmall teeth ; there is a flrong fpinein the tail-fin ; feales fmall.
’ 63. Labrus merula, the blackbird wrafle : body blackifli blue. The ventral fins, as in mod of the fpecies, have 1 fpinous and 5 articulated rays ; the dorfal has 10 fpines, each with a filament, and 15 articulated rays; tail-fin ftraight. The colour of this fpecies has gained it the name of blackbird ever fince the days of Arifiotle. It was common, and very natural, to diflinguilh animals lit¬ tle known by fome peculiarity in colour or form fimilar to one more familiar ; but fome naturalids went farther ; they pretended, that of this fpecies there were individuals entirely white, as occafionally may be found among the blackbirds ; and this change from black to white was faid to be regular, periodical, annual, and common to all the fpecies; whereas among birds we know it to be very rare, and fubjefl to no rule. Arifiotle fays, that this fifh and theTurdus merula appear in all their beauty of glofly
Voi. XU. No. *07.
black in the fpring, having pafied the winter in the rocky bottoms of the fea-fhore, but that for the red of the year they are white. It is poflible, that in certain countries, the want of food, or its peculiar qualities, the nature and temperature of the water, and fome other caufes, might combine to tarnilh the glee's of the feales, and give them a grey or dirty-white appearance. The iris of the eye is of a beautiful red, as in many birds of black plumage. Inhabits the feas of Europe. Scales large; teeth large and bent back ; jaws equal.
64. Labrus rone, the rone: rays in the dorfal fin,
that fin filamentous and very long; f m the anal; caudal rectilinear, with 14 rays; the upper lurface dark red with green flreaks ; under furface red mingled with yellow. Inhabits the feas of Norway.
65. Labrus fuliginofus, the clouded wrafle: rays in
the dorfal fin, ^ in the anal ; lower jaw the longed ; the two firlt teeth in each jaw longer than the red ; the head variegated with green, red, yellow ; four or five tranfverfe flripes on the body. The dorfal fin is dark purple with fome dots of a lighter blue; the pectorals reddifh with a black fpot at the bafe ; the ventrals varied with black, blue, purple, and greenifli ; the anal, black inclining to blue ; the caudal, green mixed with brown ; and there is a fmall black fpot at the extremity of each lateral line. This and the two following haunt the rocks about the ifles of Madagafcar, Mauritius, and Bourbon.
66. Labrus tamianotus, the ribband wrafle : rays in
the dorfal fin, ^ in the anal ; two front teeth in each jaw longer than the red; rugofities difpofed in rays about the eyes ; two broad longitudinal green dripes upon each fide ; feales on part of the caudal fin, which is ftraight ; coloured marks, likeChinefe letters, along the lateral line. Cepede has named this fufeus, from the colour of the back and head which are brown; the dorfal, anal, and tail, fins, are bordered with green ; the ventrals greenifli ; the pec¬ torals yellow at their origin, brown at their extremity.
67. Labrus centiquadrus, the chequered wrafl’e: 9 fila¬ mentous fpines and 13 articulated rays in the dorfal fin, -£4 in the anal ; the four firfl teeth in the upper jaw and two in front of the lower longer than the red ; head red- difh ; the whole furface of the body and tail marked it* fquares alternately white and purple black. Red lines and dots appear upon the dorfal and anal fins, and a black fpot upon each pedloral ; the caudal is yellowifh.
68. Labrus marmoratus, the marbled wrafle: 10 fpines and 13 articulated (longer) rays in the dorfal fin, in the anal ; teeth equal, Handing apart, tail ftraight ; the furface befpread with little dark fpots and larger whitifti ones, fo as to appear mottled or marbled. This and the following were obferved by Commerfon in the Great Equatoreal Ocean.
69. Labrus macrourus, the great-tailed wrafle: 26 rays in the dorfid fin, 19 in the anal; fnout narrow and pro¬ truded; teeth large, flrong, and triangular; 10 ramified rays in the caudal fin, which is ftraight, and very large compared with the other fins; longitudinal ftripes or lines on the back ; a fpot at the origin of the dorfal fin ; molt of the tail, anal, and extremity of the dorfal fin, of a dark colour ; 14 rays in each peCtoral fin.
70. Labrus iulis, the rainbow-fifh : two fpines in the anal fin, a ferpentine tawny ltripe along each fide ; fides bluifli. The membrane of the giils has 6 rays, the pecto¬ ral fins 14, the ventrals-?-, the anal 14, the tail 15, and the dorfal A*,. The jaws are of equal length, with four fharp bent teeth in front, and two rows of conical teeth alone- the fides Handing apart ; Willughby fpeaks of one row only ; but, in fo fmall a fifh, he might ealily overlook the inner row, which are very minute. The palate and tongue are fruooth, but there are fome pearl-fliaped teeth in the throat. The noftrilsare double, and near the eyes. The pupil is black ; the iris orange-coloured. The gill- coverts are fmooth ; the Angle gill lies under the front one; the aperture is wide, and the membrane moftly con¬ cealed. The trunk is narrow and- thin ; the back and
F belly
38 LAB
belly are round ; the anus is nearer to the head than to the tail-fin. The lateral line is clofe to the back, and has ' a conliderable curve near the end ; it appears ferrated all the way. The fcales are firmly fixed in the ikin ; they are final!, thin, and ferrated; hence the fifh is rough to the touch when the hand is puffed upwards. The loft rays of the fins are in general double, but even the fpiny rays are not ftiff. The female is black on the back, the male green. The flripe mentioned as part of the lpecific character begins at the hind-head, and runs irregularly quite to the tail-fin; a dark violet flripe runs juft below it; the reft of. the Tides, and the belly, are white, with faint ftripes of violet. The dorfal fin is bright orange at the upper and fore part, and pale violet at the bafe, which lalt is moftly the colour of the other fins. Colours fo va¬ rious and bright have gained this fifh the name of maid, damjel , young-jijh, rainbow, &c. Belon declares it to be the molt beautiful inhabitant of the fea ; but, fince fo many beautiful fpecies have been found in the Ball In¬ dies, Linnaius is content with placing it in the firft rank for beauty in the Teas of Europe. Cetti, on the other hand, tlifputes even this preference ; he fays, that, except the violet and yellow ltripes, there is nothing but ordinary white, and fome red and yellow badly fhaded on the fins; and thefe obfervations he made on the fifh while yet alive, and juft taken out of the water. But Salvian, Rondele- tius, Willughby, and more recently Brunniche and Cepede, join with Belon in praifing the beauty of its colours; and there is no doubt but this fifh, like many others we have fpoken of, may be very different in appearance from the influence of age, food, feafon, climate, &c. It is proba¬ ble alfo that Cetti might have feen females only, whofe colours are not fo bright as thofe of the males. There is a variety, which is red on the upper furface, white be¬ neath, tail-fin green, opercula blue.
This fpecies is found in feveral parts of the Mediterra¬ nean. It muft have been plentiful in the Grecian Seas, fince Ariftotle places it among fifh which go in flioals ; but Salvian fays they are always feen fingly in the envi¬ rons of Rome. Rondeletius found them in plenty at An¬ tibes, in France, and in the gulf of Genoa ; he avers that they bit his feet while he was bathing, which Bloch does not credit. Haffelquift met with it in the Nile, Cavolini in Sardinia, Forfkal at Malta, and Brunniche at Marfeil- les. Rondeletius defcribes it only as the length of a fin¬ ger,- but Bloch pofieffed a fpecimen which was near eight inches long. Elian and Oppian reckon this fifh fo veno¬ mous as to make any fifh it only touches very hurtful to man ; however, it is daily eaten without prejudice, and Galen reckons it wholefome and eafy of digeftion. Its food is ihell and other fifh ; it depofits its fpavvn in ftony places in fpring. It is caught with a net, but more eafily ■with a line, as it bites freely.
71. Labrus paroticus, the blue-eared wrafle: lateral line curved, fins rufous, gill-coverts fky-blue. The dorfal fin has -gE rays, the pedtoral fins n, ventrals 6, anal and tail 14. each. Inhabits India. The front teeth the largeft ; the back is grey, the belly whitifh.
72. Labrus fuillus, the fwinifh wrafle : dorfal fin fila¬ mentous, with rays; a black fpot above the tail. The pedtoral fins have 1 3 rays, ventrals -J-, anal and caudal 14. Inhabits the European Seas, or Northern Atlantic Ocean. The prevailing colour in this fpecies is violet ; the lower jaw and pedtoral fins fometimes bright yellow.
73. Labrus guaza, the guaza: body brown; tail round¬ ed, the rays extending beyond the membrane. Inhabits the main ocean.
74. Labrus ofphronemus, the goramy : 6 rays in each ventral fin, the firft fpinous, the lecond filamentous reach¬ ing to the tip of the tail-fin ; hind part of the back much railed ; lateral line ftraight ; tail rounded. The membrane of the gills has 6 rays, in the dorlal, -|§ in the anal, 14 foft raysin each pedtoral, and 16 in the caudal. Ofphro- ne.-nus is the generic name given to this fifh by Commer- ion. It is large, and extremely good food , it grows to the
R U S,
length of fix feet, and, being high in proportion, it furnifli.es a confiderable quantity of good and wholefome aliment. Commerfon obferved it at the Mauritius in February 1770. It had been brought from China, where it is indigenous, and from Batavia, where it inhabitsalfo. It is not common at Bengal, but might be eafily bred there. It was firft bred in ponds ; and thence fpread into the rivers, where it multiplied confidefably, and prefcrved all its good qua¬ lities, fo as to be one of the belt frefh- water fifh about Mauritius. It would be well worth the trouble and ex¬ pence of bringing fome alive, and fit for breeding, into England or France. The body is compreffed, but very broad or high ; the under part of the belly and tail, and the hinder part of the back, carinated; the height of the fiih diminifhes fuddenly at a fmall diftance from the tail- fin. Broad fcales cover the body, tail, opercula, and head ; while fmaller ones extend over a conliderable por¬ tion of the dorfal and anal fins. On the top of the head there are two flight furrows inclining towards the muz¬ zle; the upper jaw is moveable, the lower the longefl ; each is furnifhed with a double row of teeth, the outer row fliort, and bent inwards, the inner row fmaller and. clofer. There is a hard flefhy fubftance in the palate ; the tongue is whitifh, drawn back as it were into the gul¬ let, and fixed there; the noftrils double ; the operculum in two pieces, the firft piece excavated at bottom, the fe- cond has a point towards the pectorals, and is bordered by a membrane. Within the mouth, and above the gills, there is an ethmoid bone, (called by Commerfon labyrin- thiform ,) lying in a particular cavity ; the ufe of which, he fays, deferves to be inquired into. The dorfal fin be¬ gins rather backward, and increafes in height as it ap¬ proaches the tail, where it takes a rounded form. The anus is very forward towards the throat, as is always the cafe where the anal fin is very extenfive ; in this fpecies, it is longer even than the dorfal, which is very rare. The general colour of this fifh is brown, with fome red- difh tints which are lighter on the fins than on the back, fcales on the fides and belly filvery, edged with brown. It muft be obferved, that goramy is a name fometimes given to the following fpecies.
75. Labrus trichopodus, the chinned labrus : mouth in the upper part of the head ; the lower jaw formed like a chin ; ventral fins long and briltly, each confifting pro¬ perly but of one long filamentous ray ; the dorfal and anal fins have each 18 rays. This fpecies refembles the L. trichopterus in the form of the ventral fin, which is as long as the whole fifh ; it is from Commerfon’s MSS. and Cepede has placed it firft in his genus Trichopodus, or briltly feet. The conformation of the head is very remark- ble ; the lower jaw is protruded, rounded, raifed, and bent, fo as to referable the human chin; the pofition and dimenfions of the mouth, the fliape of the lips, the place and fize of the eyes, the double opercula like cheeks, the convexity of the forehead — all bring to mind a grofs re- femblance of a man’s face ; there are no fcales on the head and face ; the broad laminae which occupy their place look like a fkin. The body and tail are compreffed, but high in the middle of the total length. The dorlal. and anal fins are low, and nearly alike ; the pectorals fliort, broad, and round ; caudal ftraight.
76. Labrus bimaculatus, the bimaculated wraffe : dor¬ fal fin filamentous ; a brown fpot on the middle of the body and at the bafe of the tail. The two firft rays of the ventral fins are filamentous ; the anal lanceolated, the extremity of the dorfal falcated. The body is of a pale colour; inhabits the Mediterranean and Britifh feas.
77. Labrus pundtatus, the pundtated wrafle: dorfal fin filamentous, body with longitudinal lines fpotted with brown. The membrane of the gills has 5 rays, the pec¬ toral fins 15, the ventrals the anal the tail 16, and the dorfal *-|. The head is fmall, and Hoping ; the nof¬ trils are midway between the eyes and mouth ; the eyes have a nidtating membrane, a black pupil, and yellow iris. The fcales on the pafterior operculum are as. large
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LAB
as thofe on the body, which happens but feldom ; and there is no fifh with a rounded tail-fin whofe other fins are fo (harp at the points as in this. The body is thin and broad, covered with large, round, fmooth, (cales, ex¬ tending over part of the dorfal and anal fins, though in thofe places they are not fo large. The anus is in the middle of the body. The back and belly are round : back brown ; belly and fides lighter, marked with nine longi¬ tudinal yellow ftripes with brown fpots ; there are black ftripes upon the dorfal, anal, and tail, fins ; the pec¬ torals and ventrals are dark grey. The foft rays of all the fins are long and bifurcated ; the feventh of the pec¬ toral is the longeft, the fecond of the ventral, the laft but one in the dorfal and anal 5 thefe rays are fo long, that they look like hairs. There is a round black fpot on the head, fides, and tail. Bloch gives 12 rays to the anal fin, of which he fays 4. are fpinous, which he makes the fpe- cific character. This fpecies inhabits the rivers of Suri¬ nam ; and probably does not exceed four or five inches in length. It is reprefented on the annexed Plate I. fig. 1.
78. Labrus oflifagus, the bone-eater: dorfal fin with 30 rays. This is the Linnsean fpecific charabter ; yet Gme- lin gives 17 fpinous and 14 articulated rays, in all 31, to the dorfal fin ; Cepede alters the fpecific character to cor- refpond with this number; Turton alters the number of rays to correfpond with the fpecific charafter. There are 15 rays in the peClorals, ^ in the anal Cepede), | in the venfrals, and 13 in the tail. It inhabits the Atlantic and Mediterranean feas ; a very obfcure fpecies. It is not known whence it gained the appellation of ojjifagus, or ojfiphagus as Cepede more properly writes it; Turton makes it ojjifragiis, or bone-breaker, the name of a kind of eagle.
79. Labrus rupeftris, the rock-wraffe : 17 fpines in the dorfal fin, which is filamentous; a brown fpot at the up¬ per edge of the tail. The membrane of the gills has 5 rays, the peftora! fins 13, the ventrals ,the anal , the tail 17, the dorfal i-|. The head is marked on botli fides with blue ftripes, which go round the eye, and along to the muzzle. The jaws are of equal length, and furnifhed with a row of little (harp teeth, of whicli the four in front of the upper jaw are longer than the reft ; the tongue is thick, moveable, and fmooth ; the palate is fmooth alfo ; but there are two bones oppofite each other in the gullet fur¬ nifhed with (hort round teeth proper for triturating the aliment. The lips are flefhy; the noftrils are double, one pair round, the others oval. The pupil of the eye is black, iris gold-colour. The front operculum is minutely ferrated, double, and covered with fmaller fcales than the other; the (ingle gill is found on its interior furface. The aperture of the gills is wide; the membrane covered. The fcales are fmooth ; the anus is much nearer the tail than the head. The belly is white ; t the back greenifh yellow. On the body there are tranfverfe brown ftripes, and longitudinal red ones. -The fins are cinereous, but there is a black patch at the origin of the dorfal near the head. Bloch places this in his genus Lutjanus, of which the ferrature of the opercula is the generic character; but he feems to confound' it with the Labrus Cornubius, as he adds feveral of the fynonyma which in Gmelin accom¬ pany that genus. This l'pecies is found in the North Sea, and fometimes, though rarely, in the Baltic ; many are caught about the rocky fhores of Denmark and Norway, efpecially at Chriftianfund. They differ in fize according to the places where they ..are caught, but probably do not exceed fix inches. The flefh is white, and eafy of digef- t-ion, except (fays Pontopiddan) thofe caught near Weyle in Norway, which are too fat. They are cooked divers •ways, like the river-perch.
80. Labrus onitis, the graffy wraffe: dorfal fin filamen¬ tous ; belly fpotted with cinereous and brOw.n. General colour brown ; tail-fin rounded, and yellow. Inhabits the ocean.
81. Labrus viridis, the parrot- wraffe s body green, with
R U S. 19
a blue line on each fide. Inhabits the Mediterranean; under furface yellow, fometimes with blue fpots on the belly. Cepede calls this L. pfittacus, the parrot, to dif- tinguifh it from Bloch’s ' L. viridis in the firft divifion, which we have named viridis vittatus.
82. Labrus lurdus, the thruth labrus : body oblong, green, fpotted ; iris golden. Inhabits the Atlantic and Mediterranean feas ; fcarcely a foot long. The body is fometimes green, the peftoral fins pale yellow, the ventral blue ; fometimes deeper green, (hilling beneath the late¬ ral line, with golden fpots on the chin, and white ones in the middle ; and fometimes aboye yellow, with white fpots; beneath (livery, with red veins.
83. Labrus exoletus, the five-fpined wraffe : dorfal fin filamentous ; a blue line on the body; five fpines in the anal fin : rays in the dorfal fin in the pefforals and tail 13, ventrals i, ana! -fe. This fpecies inhabits the Atlan¬ tic Ocean ; it is found alfo in Norway, and fometimes in Greenland.
84. Labrus Chinenfis, the Chinefe wraffe : dorfal fin filamentous, body livid, crown blunt. In the dorial fin
rays, peflorals 13, ventrals f, anal ^ , caudal 12. In¬ habits Ada, on the coafts to Ctiina. In this and the pre¬ ceding, Turton marks 23 rays to the anal fin ; probably errors of the prefs.
85. Labrus Japonicus, the Japanefe wraffe : entirely of a fine full yellow colour. The dorfal fin has rays, the pectorals 16, ventrals •£-, anal ■§, tail 18. Six inches long; inhabits Japan ; oblerved by Houttuyn. The dorfal fin is filamentous ; opercula fcaly like the body ; teeth (mall and iharp.
86. Labrus boops, the ox-eyed wraffe : lower jaw the longeft, two dorf.il fins. The fir (t dorfal fin has rays, . the fecond 12, pectorals 14, ventrals anal ix, tail 22, Large (harp teeth in the lower jaw, which is the longed. The eyes are very large, and by their width approach each other, occupying almoft entirely the upper part of the head. The opercula are covered with fcales fimilar to thofe on the back. Inhabits Japan. In Cepede we find this fpecies, and feveral of the Scitenas, in a feparate genus, between the Labrus and Sciasna, exprelling by its name, Cheilodipterus, that it has the extenfible lips of the La¬ brus, and two dorfal fins like the Sciaena.
87. Labrus chromis, the pale wraffe : dorfal fins nearly united ; fecond ray of the anal very large, thick, and compreffed. The firft dorfal fin has 10 rays, the fecond ■gL-, peftorals 18, ventrals 6, anal y, tail 19. Inhabits Ca~ rolina ; where it is called the drum , from the noife it is imagined to make. Obferved by Dr. Garden ; fize of the river-perch. Body dull filvery, with brown bands. Gill-coverts one-toothed, not ferrate ; firft ray of the anal fin very (hort and (iiff.
In fome refpefls this refembles the Cheilodipterus cya- nopterus, or blue-fin, of Cepede, defcribed from Plumier’s MSS. Cepede’s account is as follows : Nine rays in the firftdorfal fin ; dorfals and caudal blue ; tail ftraight; upper jaw longer than the lower, which is furnifhed with a barbie. Inhabits South America between the tropics. Gill-covert in three pieces ; the third piece toothed fo as to prefent two prolongations towards the tail ; the upper rounded, the Lower Iharp. The lateral line exactly divides the colours of the upper and lower parts ; for above that line there are tints of gold, red, and green, in narrow unequal tranf¬ verfe ftripes, undulating and inclining towards the tail 5 under the line, the bands are ftill more irregular and finu- ous, the colours only green and brown.; the pectoral, ven¬ tral, and anal, fins, are gold-colour; dorfal and tail blue;.
88. Labrus cheilodipterus, the two-finned labrus : ten fpines in the firft dorfal fin, fecond filamentous ; tail rounded ; lower jaw the longeft; feveral rows of jagged teeth. There are 6 rays in the membrane of the gills, -fp in the fecond dorfal, 17 in each pectoral, £ in each ventral, •| in the anal, 20 in the caudal. This is defcribed by Ce¬ pede from a female- fpecimen fent him from Cayenne by
citizes
€0
LAB
citizen Leblond. It inhabits South America, or that part ot' America which lies between the tropics. The oper¬ culum is in two pieces.
Sg. Labrus linearis, the ftraight wraffe : body oblong ; all the rays of the dorfal fin fpinous except the laft. The dorfal tin has §~ rays, peiftorals 12, ventrals 6, anal 15, tail 12. The dorfal fin is very long 5 the head compreff- cd ; general colour white or whitifh ; front teeth largelt. Inhabits South America and India.
90. Labrus lunulatus, the lunulated wraffe ; body greenilh brown with darker bands; fcales with each a fer¬ ruginous band ; bread fpeckled with red. There are 5 rays in the membrane of the gills, in the dorfal fin, 12 in the pectorals, in the ventrals, in the anal, 13 in the tail. Inhabits Arabia; a foot long; fcales broad, en¬ tire, grooved. Head fomewhat comp re tied ; iris greenifh- brown. Gill-coverts with a red fpot towards the bale, the hinder part generally marked with a tawny lunule, fur- rounded with black on the membrane; gill-membrane greenilh, with two tawny lpots. Lateral line interrupted. Peitoral fins ronnded, yellow, the rell green, the Ipaces between the rays red or fpotted with red ; tail rounded.
91. Labrus varic-gatus, the flriped wrafie: body red, with four lateral parallel olive ltripes, and as many blue ones. Five rays in the membrane of the gills, Ao *n ^ie dorfal fin, 15 in the peftorals, £ in the ventrals, and
in the anal. Inhabits the Britilh coafts ; ten inches long; body oblong. Lips large, double ; gill-coverts cinereous ftriped with fine yellow. At the beginning of the dorfal fin a broad bed of rich blue, middle part white, the reft red ; at the bafe of the pectoral fins a dark olive fpot ; ventral and anal fins tipt with fine blue ; tail rounded, upper half blue, lower yellow.
92. Labrus venofus, the veiny wrafie: green, with red anaftomozing veins; a black fpot on the operculum and dorfal fin. Inhabits the Mediterranean ; body oval, cotn- prefifed, three inches long. Sides of the head with a few red longitudinal lines ; filaments and band 011 the dorfal fin red.
93. Labrus guttatus, the fpotted wrafie: body reddifh variegated with black ; a fpot on the middle of the bafe of the tail-fin. This alfo inhabits the Mediterranean ; and is three inches long. Body oblong, comprefied, with very minute white fpecks in rows and black fpots. Iris green ; under each eye two oblique black lines. Fins pale ru¬ fous; anal fpeckled with white, and, with the ventrals, fometimes green.
94. Labrus coquus, the cook : body purple and dark blue, beneath yellow : tail rounded. A fmall fpecies, which inhabits the coaft of Cornwall.
95. Labrus cinasdus, the fordid wrafie: body pale yel¬ low, back purple, dorfal fin reaching from head to tail. This fpecies inhabits the Mediterranean ; where it was known in the time of Athenaeus, and even of Ariftotle, being named alphejlas, and cinedas, becaufe they were ge¬ nerally feen two together, one fwimming clofe to the tail of the other. This filh, like moft of thofe which haunt rocky places, called Jaxatiles, is foft, tender, eafy of diges¬ tion, and extrenjely good for weak ftomachs. Throat narrow ; teeth notched or lobated.
96. Labrus albo-vittatus, the white-ftriped wrafie: ^ rays in the dorfal fin, ^ in the anal ; one row of fmall fbarp teeth in each jaw; lips very thick ; body oblong ; colour yellowifh, two very long white ftripes, and a fhorter above them, along each fide; tail-fin rounded.
97. Labrus cseruleus, the blue wrafie : rays in the
dorfal fin, ~ in the anal ; general colour blue, with yel¬ low fpots and bluilh ftripes ; a large blue fpot in front of the dorfal fin ; ventrals, anal, and caudal, edged with blue ; teeth longeft in front. This is faid by Cepede to inhabit the Britifh feas, as well as Norway and Denmark.
98. Labrus lineatus, the lineated wraffe: rays in the
dorfal fin, in the anal ; fnout long, front teeth much •longer than tne reft ; hind head railed and convex ; body Jlong, tail rounded ; back reddifh, fides blue, brealt yel¬ low j belly pale blue; four longitudinal green ftripes on
R U S.
each fide. The ventral, anal, and tail, fins, are tipped with red; the latter yellow at the bafe; a blue fpot on the front part of the dorfal fin. This is a Britifh fpecies.
99. Labrus maculatus, the maculated wraffe: the fins fpotted ; 20 Spines in the dorfal fin. The membrane of the gills contains 5 rays, the peftoral fins 14, the ventrals
the anal 5^, the tail 17, and the dorfal §§■. The head terminates in a blunt fnout ; there is one row of fharp teeth in each jaw, the lowermoft are the largeft ; the pa¬ late and tongue are Smooth, but the gullet is rough with lmall teeth. The noftrils are double, and near the eyes, and under the anterior operculum lies the Single gill. The pupil of the eye is black, iris gold-colour. The gills have a wide aperture, and the membrane is in part con¬ cealed ; on the front operculum are the apertures to the pituitary canals. The body is pretty broad, and thick in proportion. The anus is nearer the tail than the head. The fcales are broad, thin, and fmooth, covering part of the tail-fin, which is rounded. The back is dark yellow, the belly lighter ; alternate ftripes of blue and brown on the breaft ; the colours of the male are the brighteft. The fins are yellow inclining to violet, and ornamented with brown fpots; the laft rays of the dorfal and anal fins much longer than the reft. This fpecies inhabits the North Sea, where it feeks the (hallows, not exceeding two fathoms deep, near the fhores ; it is found alfo in the bay called Chriftianfbucht, near Haaven. In the North Sea it attains the length of fifteen inches; it is fat, flefhy, and well- tafted. In Denmark it is called fea-carp.
100. Labrus inermis, the unarmed wraffe: no fpines in the fins ; body very long ; lateral line ftraight, or nearly fo ; a longitudinal line with black fpots upon each fide. The general colour is green ; the back brown ; whitifh fpots on the fides. Inhabits the Arabian Sea ; difcovered by Forikal.
101. Labrus ariftatus, the rough wraffe: 32 rays in the dorfal fin, 25 in the anal ; body comprefied, oval ; fcales fhort, each raifed up by two bones ; teeth (landing apart, two in front of the lower jaw protruded. Difcovered at China by Sparrman.
102. Labrus bivittatus, the two-ftriped wraffe; two brown ftripes along the body; the upper one running over the eye. The membrane of the gills has 5 rays, the pec¬ toral fins 14, the ventrals the anal -A., the tail 13, the dorfal . The head is fomewhat broad at the top, coin- preffed at the fides; in other refpefts, the head, mouth, &c. refemble the other fpecies. The eyes have a nictat¬ ing membrane ; pupil green, iris yellow. The body is narrow, and covered with large l'cales. The fins end in a point, except the tail, which is rounded. The back and belly are red ; the fides yellow’, which on the fins is (haded with violet; the tail-fin is violet with yellow fpots Country unknown.
103. Labrus macrolepidotus, the great-fcaled wraffe: 2% rays in the dorfal fin, 16 in the anal. The membrane of the gills has 5 rays, the pectoral fins 12, the ventrals 6, the anal 16, the tail 19. The head is fhort, comprefied, and fmooth ; jaws of equal length, with a row of fnarp teeth in each, of which the foremoft are the largeft ; the palate and tongue are fmooth, but there are teeth in the gullet. The noftrils are oval, and midway between the mouth and nofe. The eyes are vertical, and have a black pupil in a yellow iris ; underneath are two Semicircular rows of pores, or pituitary canals. The gills have a wide aperture, and the membrane is loofe ; the opercula are compofed of feveral little plates, and the fingle gill 1ms under the anterior one. The body is thin ; the back and belly are carinated. The lateral line runs near the back, and is interrupted at the end of the dorfal fin ; the belly is fhort, and the anus nearer the head than the tail ; the tail-fin is rounded. The fcales are thin, fmooth, round, and ftretch over part of the tail-fin. The dorfal fin is (hallow, but extends almoft the whole length of the body. The body is of a yellowifh brown colour, the fides lighter than the back and belly ; the head is yellow, and there are fpots of violet on the opercula j the fins are pale yel-
21'
L A B R U - S.
low inclining to violet, and there are Tome dark-blue fpots at the beginning of the dorfal. This fpecies is fup- pofed to be from the Eaft Indies.
104. Labrus cyanocephalus, the blue-head : head blue, lateral line interrupted. There are 5 rays in the mem¬ brane of the gills, 32 in the peCtoral fin, ■§■ in the ventral, *4 in the anal, in the tail, and --L. in the dorfal. The Itructure of the head refembles the other fpecies: the nof- triis are fingle, but divided within ; they are oval, and placed nearly mid way between the eyes and mouth. The eyes are fmall, the pupil black, iris yellowifh. The gills have a large aperture ; the membrane is loofe, and the hinder operculum ends in a point. The lateral line inter¬ rupted. The back is dark blue, fides filvery ; fins grey, inclining to green ; tail-fin rounded. The.fc.ales are large, round, and thin. Country unknown ; the original from which this account is taken is in the cabinet of Mr. Linke at Leipfic.
105. Labrus guttulatus, the dropped wraffe : round, filver drops or fpots on the body, and all the rays of the fins foft. The pectoral fins have each 13 fays, the ventrals 6, the anal 9, the tail 16, the dorfal 19. The head and mouth are like the preceding fpecies; the nodrils are double, and near the eyes ; the pupil is black, iris filvery. The fcales are hard, and covered with a membrane. The fides are blue, the back brown, the belly whitifh ; the fpots on the fides and on the anal fin are filvery, thofe on the dorfal yellow ; the head is blue decorated with filvery (tripes, one of which, of a vermi¬ cular form, runs from the top of the eye to the fin of the tail. The whole of this beautiful fi(h appears as if (tudded with filver and precious (tones ; the fpots are round, like new-fallen drops of rain. The tail-fin is rounded, and ramified. Its country is unknown; the original is in the cabinet of Mr. Linke at Leipfic; length about five inches. See Plate I. fig. 2.
106. Labrus teffellatus, the wainfcoted wraffe: few fcales about the eyes and opercula. There are 4 rays in the membrane of the gills, 16 in each pedforal fin, a in each ventral, in the anal, 16 in the tail, and in the dor¬ fal. The mouth is fmall, with one row of fmall (harp teeth ; jaws equal. The fcales are very fmall and foft; near the eyes, towards the upper part of the operculum, there is only one patch of fcales, which Angularity has f'urniftied the fpecinc character. The eyes have a nictat¬ ing membrane; the pupil is black, in a filvery iris; in iVont of thefe are the double noftrils, and from- four to fix pores, which probably are apertures to the pituitary ca¬ nals. On the opercula and bread are home fmall brown fpots on a filvery ground ; but there are larger fpots, run¬ ning one into another, like old wainfcoting, on the body. The back is violet-colour ; the fides filvery 5 the ventral fins are black, the red blue and yellow ; the fins are all rounded, and all the foft rays are ramified. This fpecies is from Norway 5 and is diown at fig. 3.
107. Labrus 5-maculatus, the five-fpotted wrafie : the head covered with fcales, and 15 (pines in the dorfal-fin. The membrane of the gills has 5 rays, the pectoral fins 15, ventrals A, anal tail 16, dorfal 25. The head and mouth are as in the other fpecies, except the greater quantity of fcales (like the Sciasna) as mentioned above. The pupil of the eye is black, the iris yellow ; the nodrils are foli- tary and oval ; under the eye is a curved line of pituitary pores. The membrane of the gills is for the mod part concealed. There is a black fpot on the fnout, one on the pofterior operculum, another on the anal fin, and two on the dorfal, whence the name. The fins are (hort, with dichotomous rays. The colour of this filh is yellow mix¬ ed with violet ; on the head the violet colour prevails ; the fins are yellow, (haded with violet at the ends. This fpecies is from Norway.
108. Labrus microlepidotus, the fmall- fcaled wrafie : no fpots, the opercula fcaly. There are 12 rays in the pectoral fins, A in the ventrals, in the anal, 18 in the tail, and in the dorfal. The head is narrow, and with-
VOL. XII. No. S07.
out fcales as far as the opercula; thi nodrils are fingle, and near the eyes ; thefe have a black pupil, and a nar¬ row yellow iris inclofed in a broader one of the colour of filver. The jaws are of equal length, with a row of (harp teeth not clofe together. The aperture of the gills is wide, and the membrane covered. The anus is nearly in the middle of the body. The fcales are very fmall. The head and back are dirty yellow, the fides and belly fil¬ very ; the fins are white (haded with brown; the dorfal fin is moftly- brown; the foft rays are four-branched; tail, rounded. The country of this fpecies is unknown.
109. Labrus tinea, the common wraffe, or old wife. Size and habit of a carp, or rather of a tench. The fcales large; nofe prominent ; lips large, doubled, fleihy, refiex, and retractile; eyes red; teeth difpofed in two rows, the fil'd being conic, the fecond very minute, and as if de- figned for fupporters to the red; in the throat three tu- berculated bones, two above, and one below; thefe ferve to comminute the tedaceous food on which the animal chiefly lives. General colour pale red, more or lefs tinged either with orange or brown; but fometimes elegantly va¬ ried with blue, red, and yellow, fpots : fins red, fpotted and dreaked with blue ; pectorals large and rounded. Native of the European Teas ; and ufually found in deep waters about rocky coadsi This is (hownat fig. 4. Plate II.
no. Labrus ballan, the ballan wrafl'e : body yellow, fpotted with orange ; above the nofe a deep furrow, far- thed gill-covert with a depreflion radiated from the cen¬ tre. This is found during fummer in great (hoals at Scar¬ borough, coming from the coad of Norway ; it is about the fize ofL. tinea, of which probably it is only a variety. The author of Britifii Fiflies” confiders this, the pre¬ ceding, and the following, to be one individual fpecies. See the article Labrus tinea in Dr. Rees’s New Cyclopaedia.
in. Labrus vetula, the fea old wife: ventral, anal, and tail, fins, edged with black. The membrane of the gills has 6 rays, the peCtoral fins 14, ventrals anal A, tail 16, dorfal a*. The head is wedge-draped, and the fcales begiir at the eyes 5 near thefe are the nodrils, which are double. The jaws are of equal length, with a row of (harp teeth ; the palate and tongue are fmooth, but there are three bones armed with pearl-fhaped teeth in the throat. The eyes are near the top of the head ; the pupil is black, the iris blue, and they are furnidied with the niClating membrane. The gills have a wide aperture, and the membrane is more than half concealed ; the oper¬ cula are fcaly, and the fingle gill exids in this fpecies. The body and half the tail-fin are covered with fmall fcales ; tail rounded. The anus is in the middle of the body. The head is reddifli ; the body yellow, with dark, fpots of the fame colour with the back. The fins are modly bluifli, with a number of fpots on the anal, tail, and dorfal. This fpecies is found in Norway, on the coad of Brittany, and in Normandy. It grows to the length of ten or twelve inches ; it is flefhy and well-taded ; and much edeemed by the Bas Bretons, who fait and prelerve it. Whence it gained the name of old wife it is not eafy to guefs. See fig. 5..
1 12. Labrus Johjiius, the kamt. This and the following are made a new genus by Bloch ; and named by him af¬ ter Mr. John of Tranquebar, who tranfmitted the two fpecies contained in it, and a vad number of other fifties.' The generic characters are, The head covered with fcales, the opercula not ferrated, and the dorlal fins joined toge¬ ther. Thele fidies have a long body ; the fird dorfarfiru is raifed, and confids of hard prickly rays ; the other is narrow, with foft rays. The Tamuls, or Malabars, give this genus the name of kattalei, and they diftinguifii as many as eighteen fpecies, of which Bloch deferibes only two. The fpecific character therefore will be, the dorlal fin prefenting two different parts, and the protrufion of the upper jaw. The membrane of the gills has 5 rays, the pedtoral fins 16, the ventrals A, the anal |, the tail 18, the dorfal ^ . The head is round, comprefl’ed, and en¬ tirely covered with fcales fimilar- to thofe on the back ;
G the
22
L A B R U S.
the mouth is fmall, the fnout hanging over a little; there are feveral rows of (harp teeth, and the palate is rough alfo. The noftrils are double, and near the eyes ; the eyes are vertical, the pupil black in an orange iris. The lirlt piece of the operculum is narrow, the fecond broad ; the gills have a large aperture, and the membrane is for the molt part concealed. The back is rounded; the lateral line is broad, nearly ftraight ; and of a faint yellow co¬ lour. The foft rays of the anal and tail are fix-branched, of the reft they are divided into four. The back and fides are blue, the belly yellow, the dorfal and tail fins blue, the others a beautiful red ; tail rounded. This fpecies is eighteen inches long ; it is caught at all feafons about Tranquebar, in the fea, for in rivers it is never feen ; it is fat and good eating, efpecially in December. The fifn- ermen fay it has no fixed time for fpawning. The Mala¬ bar name is carutta , which Bloch and Ctpede have chofen for the fpeclfic.
1 1 3. Labrus aneus, the aney : the fpecific character is the protrufion of the lower jaw, and the dorfal fin divided as before. The membrane of the gills has 5 rays, the pec¬ toral fins T4, ventrals 6, anal 9, tail 18, dorfal . The mouth is large ; the teeth are fmall, narrow, and (harp. The lateral line is narrow, curved near its origin, and runs in a parallel direction with the back. The head, eyes, and fliape of the dorfal fin, refemble the preceding. The back and front part of the dorfal fin are blackifh ; the fides white ; the pedloral and ventral fins are brown red ; the pofterior part of the dorfal, and the anal and tail fins, are red at the bafe, and bluifh in other parts. This fpe¬ cies is alfo from the coaft of Coromandel ; it is not fo good food as the preceding, which in other refpefts it refem- bles. The Indian name is and kattalei, which we have pre¬ fer ved.
1 14. Labrus cingulum, the belted wraffe : rays in
the dorfal fin, 16 in the anal ; two teeth in front of each jaw larger than the reft ; fnout pointed ; front part of the body livid, hind part brown, a whitifh belt or band round the middle; fmall lenticular dark purple fpots on the bead, dorfal, anal, and tail, fins; tail rounded. This and the following feven are defcribed by Cepede from Com- merlon’s manufcripts. They all inhabit the Great Equa- toreal Ocean, and feas which communicate with it ; the prefent fpecies has been more particularly obferved at the Mauritius, or I fie of France. The rim of the dorfal and anal fin is often whitifh ; and there is commonly on the bind part of the operculum a black fpot with a white point in the middle, like the pupil of an eye encircled by its iris.
115. Labrus digramma, the two-lined wraffe: rays
in the dorfal fin, ^ in the anal ; the lower jaw rather 'iongeft, two front teeth longer than the reft ; two lateral lines, the upper one terminating beyond the dorfal fin, and uniting with the oppofite line; the lower one begins nearly under the middle of the dorfal fin, and runs into the tail-fin, which is rounded.
xi 6. Labrus hololepidotus, the fcaly wraffe : rays in
the dorfal fin, in the anal ; teeth in the lower jaw nearly equal ; fcales all over the head and opercula fimilar to thofe on the back ; opercula pointed ; tail rounded.
117. Labrus taeniourus, the tail-banded wraffe ; 20 rays an the dorfal fin, Aj in the anal ; teeth large, ftanding apart ; fcales large, with a dark border ; lateral line hardly vifible ; a broad ltripe or band acrofs the tail-fin, which is rounded.
1 18. Labrus hortulanus, the garden labrus : ^ rays in the dorfal fin, which is low ; in the anal ; inout pro¬ truded; teeth in the upper jaw nearly horizontal ; two la¬ teral lines uniting about the middle of the dorfal fin ; tail rounded, with 16 rays; fpots on the head and opercula, and on the fide of each ray of the dorfal and anal fins ; the furface of the body and tail divided by Hoping lines into lozenge-fhaped partitions, with a fpot in the middle of each, fomewhat like plots or beds in a garden.
119. Labrus fparoides, the broad wraffe: rays in the
dorfal fin, as in the anal ; the height or breadth of the budy nearly equal to the length of the body and tail 5 a
dent over the eyes ; lower jaw Iongeft ; head and gill- coverts fcaly like the back; tail-fin rounded, containing 37 rays; the fides irregularly fpotted. From Bofc’s ma- nufcripts.
120. Labrus leopardus, the leopard wraffe : rays in
the dorfal fin, ~ in the anal ; the fpines of the dorfal higher than the membrane ; mouth large, two teeth in front of each jaw larger than the reft 5 operculum in two pieces ; pe&oral and tail fins rounded ; fcales hardly vifi¬ ble ; a black line from the eye to the back of the opercu¬ lum, a very dark ftripe acrofs the tail ; fpots made up of other fmaller fpots on the head, body, tail, dorfal, and anal fins, like a leopard’s fkin. .
121. Labrus malapteronotus, the foft-backed wraffe : it rays, all foft, in the dorfal fin, whence the name. Lower jaw a little protruded ; front teeth bent forwards ; a dark fpot on the hind part of the operculum ; lateral line bent ; tail rounded ; three whitifh fpots upon each fide of the body.
122. Labrus Diana, the Diana wraffe ; J-§ rays in the dorfal fin, in the anal ; the dorfal fin in three diftinft parts, the caudal rounded, and confiding of 12 rays. Four large teeth in front of the upper jaw, two in front of the lower ; one large tooth bent forward, at each corner of the mouth; each fcale marked with a fmall dark-coloured crefcent, whence the name. Obferved by Commerfon in the Great Equatoreal Ocean.
123. Labrus macrodontus, the great-toothed labrus ; A-f-.rays in the dorfal fin, -fe in the anal ; laft rays Iongeft; tail rounded, with 14 rays; fcales large; hind head raifed ; four ftrong hooked teeth at the extremity of each 5 a large one bent forward at each corner of the mouth. Country unknown ; this being part of a Dutch collection brought to Paris during the revolutionary war.
124. Labrus Neuftria, the Neuftrian wraffe, or great old wife: -|f- rays in the dorfal fin, in the anal, and 7 in the membrane of the gills ; tail rounded, with 15 rays ; teeth equal, ftrong, ftanding apart ; back marbled with yellow, brown, and green ; fides with yellow, brown, and white. The dorfal fin is coloured like the fides of the fifh ; the reft of the fins in a manner fimilar to the back. Inhabits the fhores of the ancient Neuftria. This and the next are from the manufcripts of cftizen Noel of Rouen, who, however, would place them among the Che- todons.
125. Labrus calops, the fine-eyed wraffe: |-| rays in the dorfal fin, in the anal ; eyes black, "very large and bright, hence the name; lateral line ftraight, fcales ftrong and broad ; a large brown fpot juft beyond each pedtoral fin. There is a row of double fharp teeth in each jaw. The back is of a brownifh colour ; the whole fifn, except the head, is covered with large fcales of fingular bright- nefs. Flefh white and firm, like young cod ; air-bladdex very large.
126. Labrus cruentatus, the bloody wraffe : rays in
the dorfal fin ; teeth fhort, even, diltinCt ; lower jaw the Iongeft ; eye very large ; lateral line very near the back ; tail-fin tapering to the end, and rounded ; general colour filvery, with very large irregular blood-coloured fpots; the fins are golden. A beautiful fpecies. This and the following were obferved in America by Plurnier.
127. Labrus pfittaculus, the paroquet wraffe : 18 rays in the dorfal fin, which is very low, yellow, and nearly equal throughout; 12 in the anal and tail; mouth fmall, jaws nearly equal ; body oblong, tail rounded. General colour green, with three red ftripes along each fide, and one on the dorfal fin ; a black ltripe on each eye; a red ftripe edged with blue from the eye to the origin of the dorfal fin, and on the hinder rim of each piece of the opercu¬ lum ; the anal fin is yellow with a red border; the caudal is yellow alfo, with four or five ftripes, which are crooked, concentric, unequal in fize, alternately red and blue.
128. Labrus perdica, the partridge wraffe; tail even, back ftraight, crown fmooth ; body with indented yellow ftripes on each fide. This fpecies inhabits the fea round Conltantinople. Head above bvovyn3 beneath reddiflt-
vehite j
23
LAB
white.; hinder gill-coverts unarmed, ending in a rounded angle, and blue at the tip ; lateral line above favv-toothed. Dorfal and anal fins reddifh ; pectorals with a blue fpot at the bafe.
129. Labrus comber, the comber: back, fins, and tail, red; belly yellow; tail rounded; (Cepede fays fpear- fliaped.) This inhabits the coalt of Cornwall ; has a flen- der fmall body. A parallel fmooth even fiivery ltripe reaches from the gills to the tail on each fide, below the lateral line. The operculum is lengthened out, and rounded at its extremity.
130. Labrus melapterus, the black-finned wraffe: fins black ; eight fpines in the dorfal fin. The branchial mem¬ brane has five rays, the pedtoral fins 12, the ventrals 6, the anal 13, the tail 15, the dorfal 29. The head is Hoping ; the mouth fmall ; each jaw armed with two canine teeth and a row of grinders ; the canine teeth of the lower jaw are bent outwards ; the palate is fmooth ; the noftrils fingle, round, and near the eyes. The eyes are fmall, with a black pupil and orange iris, and bordered with pi¬ tuitary canals in a radiated form. The aperture of the gills is large, and the membrane almoft entirely concealed. The fcales are large and fmooth, with a light-brown ra¬ diated fpot upon each ; the anus is in the middle of the body. The head and back are of a red brown ; the belly, tail, opercula, and round the eyes, green ; the fides yel- lowifh ; the fins black, except the peftoral which is brown. This fpecies is from Japan, where it is called ikan cacatoea.
131. Labrus trimaculatus, the red wrafl'e : body red, with two large fpots at the lower part of the dorfal fin, and a third between that fin and the tail. There are five rays in the membrane of the gills, in the dorfal fin, 15 in the peftorals, 6 in the ventrals, 12 in the anal. The head is narrow, and without fcales as far as the eyes, near which appear the double noftrils. The aperture of the mouth is fmall ; the jaws nearly equal in length, with a row of fliarp teeth, of which the front ones are the longeft ; the tongue is moveable, and fmooth, as is the palate, but the throat is exafperated with round grinding teeth. The pupil of the eye is black, iris yellow. The front opercu¬ lum is covered with very fmall fcales, and conceals the fingle gill ; the aperture is wide, and the membrane for the molt part concealed. The trunk is narrow ; the fcales fmall, extending over part of the tail-fin. The belly is round; the back lliarp ; the anus is nearer the tail than the head. The fins are rounded ; “ the ventrals (fays Bloch) lie farther back than the pectorals ;” they do in¬ deed begin rather farther back, but not fo decidedly as to require that this filh fliould be removed into the abdomi¬ nal order. The whole filh is of a bright red colour, which is lighter on the fides; the dorfal, anal, and tail, fins, are fometimes edged with blue, as expreffed in the Plate III.
fig- 6-.
This fpecies is from Norway, being found at Cbriftian- fund near Haaven, where it is called fudernaal. It attains a foot in length, living on thell-filh, and is delicate food. “ It is ftrange,” adds Bloch, “ that Gmelin fliould not have introduced this filh into his lalt edition of Linnaeus.” That accurate obferver for once was guilty of an overfight ; this is the 57th fpecies of Gmelin’s edition. We find this filh alfo on o.ur own coafts; it is known in the ifle of An- glefea and on the coaft of Cornwall.
132. Labrus chloropterus, the green wraffe: colourgreen, two canine teeth in each jaw, and two fpines in the anal fin. There are 6 rays in the membrane of the gills, 13 in the pedtoral fins, A in the ventrals, 12 in the anal, 16 in the tail, and in the dorfal. The head is narrowed in front, and ornamented with blue ftripes. There. are two rows of round teeth ; the outer row conical, and the front teeth are the largeft ; the inner row flat like pearls ; at each corner of the mouth is a projecting tooth bent up¬ wards. The noftrils are double, and near the eyes 5 the pupil is black, the irides yellow and orange. The gills have a wide aperture, and the membrane is partly con¬ cealed. The body.is thin , the fcales broad, ftippery, edged
E U S.
with yellow, and extend over part of the tail-fin. The anus is nearer the head than the tail; the fins end fliarp, except the tail, which is round like the reft of this divi- fion. This filh is moftly of a green colour; darker on the back, lighter on the fides and belly ; the fins are green alfo, but fome darker than others. This fpecies is from Japan. It is fliown at fig. 7.
133. Labrus fafeiatus, the four-banded wraffe: broad ftripes or bands on the body, and eight fpines in the dor¬ fal fin. Each pectoral fin has 12 rays, the ventrals 6, anal 13, tail 14, dorfal 12. The head is compreffed ; the fcales begin on the front operculum, but there are none on the hinder one, which is double, and of a green colour. The teeth are fliort and round, except two canine teeth in the front of each jaw. This fpecies has very large lips, and feems to hold a middle place between the Sparus and the Labrus. The noftrils are double, and near the eyes, which have a black pupil in a red iris. The body is covered with large fmooth fcales, and banded with four broad brown ftripes. The lateral line breaks off at the end of the dorfal fin. The back goes off fharp, the belly round¬ ed, and the anus is nearer the tail than the head. The body is